LQWiki - User contributions [en]

Proc

2010-09-14T22:03:14Z

Crisantux: Give article a headline and typo removal

= /proc =

The [[Linux]] operating system provides a pseudo-file system that provides an interface to kernel information, and to receive information from a user or process. Any modifications made are lost on shutdown or reboot. [[/etc/sysctl.conf]] stores system parameters (/proc/sys/) to load at boot time, for values you want to preserve.

<br /><b>Example:</b>
kolossus:~ # cat /proc/cpuinfo
processor : 0
vendor_id : GenuineIntel
cpu family : 15
model : 3
model name : Intel(R) Pentium(R) 4 CPU 3.00GHz
stepping : 3
cpu MHz : 2992.966
cache size : 1024 KB
...

The /proc file system started out as a way to find information about processes, but now it is used by just about everything for which implementing a system call would be a waste.

The file system is not itself on a disk, rather, it is in kernel memory, where the kernel and its modules control what is inside these files. When a file in /proc is read, a function or handler is looked up (from a table within the kernel), and that function will output information. Likewise, when a file is written to in /proc, a bit of the kernel will handle reading it in.

Some examples of /proc usage are /proc/cmdline, /proc/[[cpuinfo]], and /proc/config.gz. These provide two pieces of information about the kernel, the "command line" (the parameters passed to the kernel at boot), and the configuration file. Of course there is also loadavg, partitions, swaps, version, uptime, and so on.

Also of interest is /proc/apm and /proc/acpi, for thier respective power management systems. Each one reports information about the state of power management, to be gathered by various programs/monitors. /proc/acpi is a directory, divided into subdirectories for each power device (fan, battery, button, and so on). Each subdirectory gives information about its device. /proc/apm is a 'file' which has information about the power, such as charge, the state of the ac-adapter, and time untill battery charged/drained.

The /proc file system is also used by many parts of the kernel for input and output.

[[Category:Filesystem]]

DVD-RAM

2010-09-14T21:43:02Z

Crisantux: Disc capacity

== DVD-RAM ==
DVD-RAM is an optical disc providing read- and write/rewrite access for computer and video data, DVD-RAM is less popular than DVD in personal computers and needs a drive with [http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/de/thumb/1/17/DVD-RAM_Logo.svg/200px-DVD-RAM_Logo.svg.png DVD-RAM logo]. It is adequate for data storage, data backup and archival. Disc capacity is 4.7 GB or 9.5 GB for double sided discs.

DVD-RAM discs don't need to be burned using any special program. Using the UDF file system, writing on the disc is done like writing on an USB stick using normal file operations of programs or file managers.

== Filesystem ==
On DVD-RAM discs the Universal Disc format (UDF) file system is used and full supported under Linux. Most DVD-RAM disc media is already formatted with the UDF file system.

'''mkudffs''' is used to format a DVD-RAM with UDF file system. The command line tool mkudffs is available for Linux distributions in packet udftools.

DVD-RAM

2010-09-14T21:39:00Z

Crisantux: udftools

== DVD-RAM ==
DVD-RAM is an optical disc providing read- and write/rewrite access for computer and video data, DVD-RAM is less popular than DVD in personal computers and needs a drive with [http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/de/thumb/1/17/DVD-RAM_Logo.svg/200px-DVD-RAM_Logo.svg.png DVD-RAM logo]. It is adequate for data storage, data backup and archival.

DVD-RAM discs need not to be burned using any special program. Using the UDF filesystem, writing on the disc is done like writing on an USB stick using normal file operations of programs or file managers.

== Filesystem ==
On DVD-RAM discs the Universal Disc format (UDF) file system is used and full supported under Linux. Most DVD-RAM disc media is already formatted with the UDF file system.

'''mkudffs''' is used to format a DVD-RAM with UDF file system. The command line tool mkudffs is available for Linux distributions in packet udftools.

DVD-RAM

2010-09-14T21:17:48Z

Crisantux:

DVD-RAM

2010-09-14T21:01:58Z

Crisantux: /* DVD-RAM */

== DVD-RAM ==
[[File:DVD-RAM_Logo.svg]]
DVD-RAM is an optical disc providing read- and write/rewrite access for computer and video data, DVD-RAM is less popular than DVD in personal computers and needs a drive with DVD-RAM logo. It is adequate for data storage, data backup and archival.

DVD-RAM discs need not to be burned using any special program. Using the UDF filesystem, writing on the disc is done like writing on an USB stick using normal file operations of programs or file managers.

== Filesystem ==
On DVD-RAM discs the UDF filesystem is used and full supported under Linux.

DVD

2010-09-14T20:33:20Z

Crisantux: DVD-RAM rectified

'''DVD''' was originally an abbreviation for '''D'''igital '''V'''ideo '''D'''isk, however it was subsequently given the backronym ''Digital Versatile Disk'' due to the numerous purposes to which the medium could be put.

Essentially a high-density version of [[CD]], the DVD format is available with either one or two ''sides'', each of which may contain either one or two ''layers''. Each layer holds around 4.7 GB of data, which gives the maximum capacity (double-sided, double-layered) of around 17 GB. Most commercial DVDs are single-sided and both single and double layered versions are common.

'''Hardware Issues'''
Before considering the purchase of a DVD burner, you should consult sites that do reviews on DVD drives. Some drives, while ''compliant to standards'' may have problems writing certain DVD's at published speeds. Find a DVD burner that is fully supported by your Linux distribution and has a good report from users as to the quality and usability of the drive.

== Playing DVDs under Linux ==
To play DVDs with (or without) menus under Linux use [[VLC]]

== Manual Configuration ==

In order to correctly play DVD videos, [[DMA]] support needs to be enabled, and the [[libdvdcss]] library needs to be installed.

To enable DMA support, use the hdparm command:

'''# su''' (password)
'''# hdparm /dev/dvd''' (view settings for dvd player)
'''# hdparm -d1 /dev/dvd''' (turn on DMA support)

In situations when a is a "combo drive" and does both (1) play DVDs and (2) record CDs, it helps to separate the ide-cd module from ide-scsi, though, it's possible to do both at the same time. For this separation to work, sometimes it's necessary to remove "hdX = ide-scsi" from the boot loader as well. For instance, the following would switch from CD Writer to DVD Player.

'''# rmmod ide-scsi'''
'''# modprobe ide-cd'''

==Writable flavours==
There are various types of writable DVD discs available.

* write-once formats (DVD+R, DVD-R)
* rewritable (DVD+RW, DVD-RW, [[DVD-RAM]])

Generally the R/RW media has a capacity of 4.7GB.

The "+" and "-" versions are competing standards, each of which is backed by a number of large corporations. The key difference between the two is the more accurate addressing information on the "+" format, which allows the media to be written to in a true random-access method rather than in the contiguous "sessions" required by the "-" formats (and rewritable CDs). Neither the "-" nor "+" formats are universally playable in legacy DVD-ROM drives.

[[DVD-RAM]] is a different technology and needs a DVD drive labelled with the DVD-RAM logo. See separate article.

== Writing DVDs under Linux ==
Write DVDs under Linux using [[k3b]].

==See also==
*[[CD/DVD Burning]]

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User:Crisantux

2010-09-06T22:03:55Z

Crisantux: Created page with '== Crisantux == --~~~~'

== Crisantux ==
--[[User:Crisantux|Crisantux]] 22:03, September 6, 2010 (UTC)

DVD-RAM

2010-09-06T21:59:51Z

Crisantux: DVD-RAM first sentences

== DVD-RAM ==
DVD-RAM is an optical disc providing read- and write/rewrite access for computer and video data. Technically DVD-RAM is better than competing DVD+RW or DVD-RW formats, but DVD-RAM is less popular in personal computers.

DVD-RAM discs need not to be burned using any special program. Using the UDF filesystem, writing on the disc is done like writing on an USB stick using normal file operations of programs or file managers.

== Filesystem ==
On DVD-RAM discs the UDF filesystem is used and full supported under Linux.

DVD

2010-09-06T21:36:17Z

Crisantux: DVD-RAM

'''DVD''' was originally an abbreviation for '''D'''igital '''V'''ideo '''D'''isk, however it was subsequently given the backronym ''Digital Versatile Disk'' due to the numerous purposes to which the medium could be put.

Essentially a high-density version of [[CD]], the DVD format is available with either one or two ''sides'', each of which may contain either one or two ''layers''. Each layer holds around 4.7 GB of data, which gives the maximum capacity (double-sided, double-layered) of around 17 GB. Most commercial DVDs are single-sided and both single and double layered versions are common.

'''Hardware Issues'''
Before considering the purchase of a DVD burner, you should consult sites that do reviews on DVD drives. Some drives, while ''compliant to standards'' may have problems writing certain DVD's at published speeds. Find a DVD burner that is fully supported by your Linux distribution and has a good report from users as to the quality and usability of the drive.

== Playing DVDs under Linux ==
To play DVDs with (or without) menus under Linux use [[VLC]]

== Manual Configuration ==

In order to correctly play DVD videos, [[DMA]] support needs to be enabled, and the [[libdvdcss]] library needs to be installed.

To enable DMA support, use the hdparm command:

'''# su''' (password)
'''# hdparm /dev/dvd''' (view settings for dvd player)
'''# hdparm -d1 /dev/dvd''' (turn on DMA support)

In situations when a is a "combo drive" and does both (1) play DVDs and (2) record CDs, it helps to separate the ide-cd module from ide-scsi, though, it's possible to do both at the same time. For this separation to work, sometimes it's necessary to remove "hdX = ide-scsi" from the boot loader as well. For instance, the following would switch from CD Writer to DVD Player.

'''# rmmod ide-scsi'''
'''# modprobe ide-cd'''

==Writable flavours==
There are various types of writable DVD discs available.

* write-once formats (DVD+R, DVD-R)
* rewritable (DVD+RW, DVD-RW, [[DVD-RAM]])

Generally the R/RW media has a capacity of 4.7GB.
However, the DVD-RAM type can also be obtained in a double-sided version,
which is able to store 9.4GB of data. There are currently no formats which
allow double-layered recording.

The "+" and "-" versions are competing standards, each of which is backed by a number of large corporations. The key difference between the two is the more accurate addressing information on the "+" format, which allows the media to be written to in a true random-access method rather than in the contiguous "sessions" required by the "-" formats (and rewritable CDs). Neither the "-" nor "+" formats are universally playable in legacy DVD-ROM drives.

[[DVD-RAM]] is a totally different technology (magneto-optical, rather than purely optical) and is not playable on most DVD drives.

== Writing DVDs under Linux ==
Write DVDs under Linux using [[k3b]].

==See also==
*[[CD/DVD Burning]]

{{stub}}

CD/DVD Burning

2010-09-06T21:32:09Z

Crisantux: DVD-RAM

== CD/DVD Burning ==

If you are using the latest versions of the [[KDE]] or [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNOME GNOME] desktop environment, you can perform CD burning by first placing a blank disk in the drive. Wait a few seconds and a file manager window should appear. Follow the instructions on the screen to continue.

You can burn ISO CD images by right-clicking on the image file and choosing "Write to CD".

== Windows/Mac applications ==
A user that wants to try Linux for the first time may need to [[ISO image|download an ISO file]] for a single-CD [[Distribution]] such as [[Knoppix]] and burn the ISO file to CDR or [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD-RW CD-RW] media using a utility on his or her current system. Note that you have to use the function that [[burn]]s an existing ISO file to CD, NOT the function that creates a temporary ISO file out of one or more files and burns the temporary file to CD. Applications that can do this include:

* [http://www.bay-wolf.com/burnimage.htm Nero] - How to do it with Nero
* [http://www.snapfiles.com/freeware/gmm/fwcdburn.html Freeware utilities] - Pick one that supports burning ISO images to CDR or CDRW.
* On Mac OS X run Disk Utility (from Applications > Utilities) with a blank CD inserted.
** Select the CD drive from the column on the left
** Click the "Burn" icon along the top icon bar
** Select the ISO you want to burn and tell it to go.

== GUI applications ==
* [[K3b]] - probably the most user-friendly CD/DVD burning application for the Linux desktop.
* [[XCDRoast]]
* [[Arson]]
* [[Graveman!]] - Gnome

== Command line applications ==
* [[cdrecord]]
* [[cdrdao]]
* [[mkisofs]]
* growisofs
* [[dd]]

== Hints and Tips ==
* [[Burning a CDROM from an ISO file]]
* [[Burning a CDROM from a bin/cue file]] from the command line
* Burning [[Nero CD image]]s

==See also==
*[[DVD]]
*[[DVD-RAM]]
*[[CD/comparsion of open source dvd authoring software|Comparison of Open Source DVD Authoring Software]]

==External links==
*[http://www.troubleshooters.com/linux/coasterless.htm Coasterless CD Burning guide] (''www.troubleshooters.com'')
*[http://www.topvideopro.com/ Various DVD Burning, Ripping and Audio Ripping Software DVD tools download] (''www.topvideopro.com'')

{{stub}}