LQWiki - User contributions [en]

Script

2006-07-17T18:29:39Z

Linuxlala: external link

A '''script''' is a computer program or series of [[commands]] that is
interpreted by another program. This is in contrast to [[compiled]] programs, which might be launched by another program but are always interpreted directly by the [[processor]]. There is, however, a fine distinction between a program in any old interpreted language and a script; for example, most people would not consider programs in the old BASIC language "scripts" per se.

Linux users frequently use the word ''script'' to refer to a [[shell scripts|shell script]].

----
The command '''<tt>script</tt>''' makes a transcript of everything printed on your [[terminal]]. It is useful for students who need a [[hardcopy]] record of an interactive session as proof of an assignment, as the transcript file can be printed out later with [[lpr]](1).

It is however recommended that script should not be used with tools such as [[vi]] that modify the terminal screen layout. As the output below shows, if you use [[vi]] or any similar tool that modifies the layout, the postscript file that is created contains a lot of grabage characters.

The junk characters are infact escape sequences that signify blank space, new line etc. For example, ^M is carriage return, ^[ is an escape character and ^H is backspace.

A vi example (history numbers added for clarity):
{21} $ script
Script started, file is typescript
{1} $ vi hello
{2} $ exit
exit
Script done, file is typescript
{22} $

The contents of the file <tt>typescript</tt> contain (line breaks added for clarity):
Script started on Mon Aug 23 08:39:34 2004
{1} $ vi hello^M^M
^[)0^[7^[[?47h^[[1;65r^[[m^[[4l^[[?1h^[=^[[H^[[2J^[[1B~^[[1B^H~
^[[1B^H~^[[1B^H~^[[1B^H~^[[1B^H~^[[1B^H~^[[1B^H~^[[1B^H~^[[1B^H~^[[
1B^H~^[[1B^H~^[[1B^H~^[[1B^H~^[[1B^H~^[[1B^H~^[[1B^H~^[[1B^H~^[[1B
^H~^[[1B^H~^[[1B^H~^[[1B^H~^[[1B^H~^[[1B^H~^[[1B^H~^[[1B^H~^[[1B^H~
^[[1B^H~^[[1B^H~^[[1B^H~^[[1B^H~^[[1B^H~^[[1B^H~^[[1B^H~^[[1B^H~^[[
1B^H~^[[1B^H~^[[1B^H~^[[1B^H~^[[1B^H~^[[1B^H~^[[1B^H~^[[1B^H~^[[1B
^H~^[[1B^H~^[[1B^H~^[[1B^H~^[[1B^H~^[[1B^H~^[[1B^H~^[[1B^H~^[[1B^H~
^[[1B^H~^[[1B^H~^[[1B^H~^[[1B^H~^[[1B^H~^[[1B^H~^[[1B^H~^[[1B^H~^[[
1B^H~^[[1B^H~^[[1B^H~^[[H^[[64Bhello: new file: line 1^[[H
^[[64B^[[J^[[Hhello world^M^[[64BCopying file for recov
ery...^M^[[J^[[1;12H^M^[[64B:wq^Mhello: new file: 1 line
s, 12 characters^M^[[?1l^[>^[[J^[[H~^[[K^[[63B^Hhello: new
file: 1 lines, 12 characters.^M^[[1B^[[65;1H^[[2J^[[?4
7l^[8^M^[[?1l^[> {2} $ exit^M^M
exit^M

Script done on Mon Aug 23 08:39:43 2004

Note that if you were to view this file using [[cat]], you wouldn't see any of these junk characters.

----

By default, the file script creates is called <tt>typescript</tt>. You can provide a filename to script, if you have to keep a regular log of the terminal session. ''script filename'' would create a file called filename in the current directory.

==External links==
*[http://enterprise.linux.com/article.pl?sid=06/04/18/2014235&tid=13&tid=89 Using script to log your sessions]

Script

2006-07-17T18:27:00Z

Linuxlala: added more explanation

ImageMagick

2005-10-24T14:59:50Z

Linuxlala: corrected the links link

'''ImageMagick''' - a GUI, command line tools, and an API make this one handy package.

Although the [[Gimp]] is a more appropriate/feature-rich package for image editing, ImageMagick's fantastic command line tools are indispensable for [[scripting]] and automated processing.

ImageMagick (IM) is a suite of command line tools such as Convert, Composite, Animate, etc. You can use these tools to do basic tasks such as changing the format of an image, rotating an image, cropping and resizing images, etc. IM also has a GUI called Display.

Using ImageMagick, you can make mosaics of images , 2D/3D images. You can also create movie animations.

==Advantages==
Because IM is a command line suite, its biggest advantage is that it can be used with a number of programming languages. You can make excellent scripts that use the IM suite. There are many programming APIs available for IM such as RubyMagick, chmagick, PHPWand, etc.

==Tips==
*Inverting colours on a PDF:
convert -negate input.pdf output.pdf

==File Formats==
The ImageMagick suite of command line tools support a wide array of file formats. There is currently support for about 90 different formats. Some of them are,
[[pdf]]
[[png]]
[[gif]]
[[jpg]]
[[mng]]
[[mpg]]
[[tiff]]

==See also==
*[[Image manipulation]]

==External links==
*[http://www.imagemagick.org/ Homepage]
*[http://www.imagemagick.org/script/links.php Links to Howtos and Tutorials]
*[http://www.imagemagick.org/script/api.php Programming APIs]
*[http://www.imagemagick.org/script/command-line-tools.php Command line tools]

CDE

2005-10-18T09:10:27Z

Linuxlala:

The '''Common Desktop Environment (CDE)''' is a properietary desktop environment designed for [[UNIX]]. Jointly developed by [[Sun Microsystems]], [[HP]], [[IBM]] and [[Novell]], the CDE was the standard for all UNIX desktops till 2000, when [[KDE]] and [[GNOME]] started to assert their presence.

''This article is a [[LQWiki:stub_articles|stub]] and needs to be finished. [[LQWiki:plunging_forward|Plunge forward]] and [[LQWiki:How_to_edit_a_page|help it grow]] !''

CDE

2005-10-18T09:09:25Z

Linuxlala: Added content

The '''Common Desktop Environment (CDE)''' is a properietary desktop environment. It was designed for [[UNIX]]. Jointly developed by Sun Microsystems, HP, IBM and Novell, the CDE was the standard for all UNIX desktops till 2000, when [[KDE]] and [[GNOME]] started to assert their presence.

''This article is a [[LQWiki:stub_articles|stub]] and needs to be finished. [[LQWiki:plunging_forward|Plunge forward]] and [[LQWiki:How_to_edit_a_page|help it grow]] !''

User talk:Linuxlala

2005-08-04T07:19:45Z

Linuxlala:

ImageMagick

2005-08-04T07:10:04Z

Linuxlala:

'''ImageMagick''' - a GUI, command line tools, and an API make this one handy package.

Although the [[Gimp]] is a more appropriate/feature-rich package for image editing, ImageMagick's fantastic command line tools are indispensable for [[scripting]] and automated processing.

ImageMagick (IM) is a suite of command line tools such as Convert, Composite, Animate, etc. You can use these tools to do basic tasks such as changing the format of an image, rotating an image, cropping and resizing images, etc. IM also has a GUI called Display.

Using ImageMagick, you can make mosaics of images , 2D/3D images. You can also create movie animations.

==Advantages==
Because IM is a command line suite, its biggest advantage is that it can be used with a number of programming languages. You can make excellent scripts that use the IM suite. There are many programming APIs available for IM such as RubyMagick, chmagick, PHPWand, etc.

==Tips==
*Inverting colours on a PDF:
convert -negate input.pdf output.pdf

==File Formats==
The ImageMagick suite of command line tools support a wide array of file formats. There is currently support for about 90 different formats. Some of them are,
[[pdf]]
[[png]]
[[gif]]
[[jpg]]
[[mng]]
[[mpg]]
[[tiff]]

==See also==
*[[Image manipulation]]

==External links==
*[http://www.imagemagick.org/ Homepage]
*[http://www.imagemagick.org/links.php Links to Howtos and Tutorials]
*[http://www.imagemagick.org/script/api.php Programming APIs]
*[http://www.imagemagick.org/script/command-line-tools.php Command line tools]

ImageMagick

2005-08-04T07:05:02Z

Linuxlala: Added links, advantages, bigger intro

'''ImageMagick''' - a GUI, command line tools, and an API make this one handy package.

Although the [[Gimp]] is a more appropriate/feature-rich package for image editing, ImageMagick's fantastic command line tools are indispensable for [[scripting]] and automated processing.

ImageMagick (IM) is a suite of command line tools such as Convert, Composite, Animate, etc. You can use these tools to do basic tasks such as changing the format of an image, rotating an image, cropping and resizing images, etc. IM also has a GUI called Display.

Using ImageMagick, you can also make mosaics of images, make 2D/3D images. You can also create animations.

==Advantages==
Because IM is a command line suite, its biggest advantage is that it can be used with a number of programming languages. You can make excellent scripts that use the IM suite. There are many programming APIs available for IM such as RubyMagick, chmagick, PHPWand, etc.

==Tips==
*Inverting colours on a PDF:
convert -negate input.pdf output.pdf

==File Formats==
The ImageMagick suite of command line tools support a wide array of file formats. There is currently support for about 90 different formats. Some of them are,
[[pdf]]
[[png]]
[[gif]]
[[jpg]]
[[mng]]
[[mpg]]
[[tiff]]

==See also==
*[[Image manipulation]]

==External links==
*[http://www.imagemagick.org/ Homepage]
*[http://www.imagemagick.org/links.php Links to Howtos and Tutorials]
*[http://www.imagemagick.org/script/api.php Programming APIs]

{{stub}}

User:Linuxlala

2004-10-02T17:33:01Z

Linuxlala:

Hi all. A brief introduction is in order.

I am a 19 year old engineering student. I live in New Delhi, India, Asia.

All things that have got anything to do with computers interests me. I do not want to limit myself to just being a software engineer or a hardware engineer. I've been working on Linux since early 1997.

My LQ Profile:
http://www.linuxquestions.org/questions/member.php?s=&action=getinfo&userid=50243

My affero username: linuxala
http://svcs.affero.net/user-history.php?ll=lq_members&u=linuxlala

As of July 2004, I have turned my attention to technical writing with one of my articles appearing on LinuxJournal.

Cheers.

-Shashank

Gpg

2004-04-06T11:09:07Z

Linuxlala: Examples edit

'''GPG''' ('''G'''NU '''P'''rivacy '''G'''uard) is a patent-free, [[GPL]]-licensed version of Pretty Good Privacy(PGP) used to encrypt and decrypt data. This program uses [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public-key_cryptography public key] [[encryption]] technology to create a key pair, consisting of a secret key and a public key.

Your compadres can encrypt messages to you using your public key, which means that this key is available to everyone. Now, these messages can be decrypted using only your secret key, which is why you must safeguard it. So, people can have your public key and you can have the public key of others.

Usage: <tt>gpg ''[option] command''</tt>

==Specific features==
In addition to encryption and decryption capabilities, GNU Privacy Guard also lets you create digital signatures do ''key signing'' and create ''webs of trust''.

===Digital Signatures===

The concept of Digital Signatures was hatched to verify the authenticity of a message. As the name suggests, the message is digitally signed by the sender. A digital signature is made through a combination of the secret key and the text. Using the senders public key, the message can be verified. Just like a message encrypted using a public key can only be decrypted by the corresponding secret key, a message verified using your public key could only have been signed using your secret key. With the verification, the recipient (or the world) knows that the message came from the sender (or at least someone with access to the sender's private key) and has not been changed during the transportation process. The signature can either be packaged with the original file or sent separately (detached).

gpg -ab ''filename'': To create an [[ASCII]] detached signature for a file with your default key:

gpg -s ''filename'': To sign a binary file and attach a signature (encoded message/signature):

gpg --clearsign ''filename'': To sign an email message (cleartext message with GPG signature attached):

gpg --verify ''filename'': To verify the signature, enter the name of the detached signature file or the signed file.

===Key Signing===

Key signing is act of digitally signing a public key and a userid packet attached to that key. Key signing is done to verify that a given user id and public key really do belong to the person that appears to own the key and who is represented by the user id packet.

You can digitally sign your own public key and an associated id on that key, or another person's public key and associated public key packet.

In essence, key signatures validate public keys. They are an endorsement of validity of a public key and associated id by a third party. Just like we all say and know for sure that Jeremy is the owner of LQ. This is the way in which key signing builds the web of trust.

===Web of Trust===

A web of trust is a term used to describe the trust relationships between a group of keys. You can think of a key signature as a link, or a strand, in the web of trust. These links are called Trust Paths. Trust paths can be bidirectional or only one way. The ideal web of trust is one in which everyone is connected bidirectionally to everyone else. In effect, everyone trusts that every key does in fact belong to its owner. The web of trust can be thought of as the sum of all the trust paths, or links, between all key holding parties.

==See also==
*[[gpg commands]]

==External links==

*[http://man.linuxquestions.org/index.php?query=gpg&section=0&type=2 gpg man page]
*[http://www.gnupg.org/ GnuPG home page]

Gpg

2004-04-06T10:27:30Z

Linuxlala: added gpg_commands link

'''GPG''' ('''G'''NU '''P'''rivacy '''G'''uard) is a patent-free, [[GPL]]-licensed version of Pretty Good Privacy(PGP) used to encrypt and decrypt data. This program uses [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public-key_cryptography public key] [[encryption]] technology to create a key pair, consisting of a secret key and a public key.

Your compadres can encrypt messages to you using your public key, which means that this key is available to everyone. Now, these messages can be decrypted using only your secret key, which is why you must safeguard it. So, people can have your public key and you can have the public key of others.

Usage: <tt>gpg ''[option] command''</tt>

==Specific features==
In addition to encryption and decryption capabilities, GNU Privacy Guard also lets you create digital signatures do ''key signing'' and create ''webs of trust''.

===Digital Signatures===

The concept of Digital Signatures was hatched to verify the authenticity of a message. As the name suggests, the message is digitally signed by the sender. A digital signature is made through a combination of the secret key and the text. Using the senders public key, the message can be verified. Just like a message encrypted using a public key can only be decrypted by the corresponding secret key, a message verified using your public key could only have been signed using your secret key. With the verification, the recipient (or the world) knows that the message came from the sender (or at least someone with access to the sender's private key) and has not been changed during the transportation process. The signature can either be packaged with the original file or sent separately (detached).

To create an [[ASCII]] detached signature for a file with your default key:
gpg -ab ''filename''
To sign a binary file and attach a signature (encoded message/signature):
gpg -s ''filename''
To sign an email message (cleartext message with GPG signature attached):
gpg --clearsign ''filename''
To verify the signature, enter the name of the detached signature file or the signed file.
gpg --verify ''filename''

===Key Signing===

Key signing is act of digitally signing a public key and a userid packet attached to that key. Key signing is done to verify that a given user id and public key really do belong to the person that appears to own the key and who is represented by the user id packet.

You can digitally sign your own public key and an associated id on that key, or another person's public key and associated public key packet.

In essence, key signatures validate public keys. They are an endorsement of validity of a public key and associated id by a third party. Just like we all say and know for sure that Jeremy is the owner of LQ. This is the way in which key signing builds the web of trust.

===Web of Trust===

A web of trust is a term used to describe the trust relationships between a group of keys. You can think of a key signature as a link, or a strand, in the web of trust. These links are called Trust Paths. Trust paths can be bidirectional or only one way. The ideal web of trust is one in which everyone is connected bidirectionally to everyone else. In effect, everyone trusts that every key does in fact belong to its owner. The web of trust can be thought of as the sum of all the trust paths, or links, between all key holding parties.

See also: [[gpg_commands]]

==External links==

*[http://man.linuxquestions.org/index.php?query=gpg&section=0&type=2 gpg man page]
*[http://www.gnupg.org/ GnuPG home page]

Talk:Gpg

2004-04-06T10:25:28Z

Linuxlala:

Hi Digiot,

As much as I appreciate your additions to this page, I am sorry to report that I might have to revert back some changes made by you. 'Coz they kindda interrupt the flow of the page.

[[User:Linuxlala|Linuxlala]]

:: No problem. The key thing was just making sure there was a link out of the article and getting some of the formatting down. If the rearranging was overboard, sorry. But I would add that it's usually 'good form' to have an introductory paragraph above the table of contents, if the page does have a toc. [[User:Digiot|Digiot]] 04:48, Apr 5, 2004 (EDT)

:: If the rearranging was overboard, sorry.
:: You don't have to say that man. I really appreciate the kind of hard work you have put into this wiki. So now, the page has a table of content. Do you mean to have an introductory para above it? If so, then kindly do the needful as I am at a loss of knowledge at how to go about doing this. [[User:Linuxlala|Linuxlala]]

::: Thanks. :) You might not like this, either, but it can be reverted and something else could be tried. It's just not usual to have the article title also be a header - the <nowiki>==Gpg==</nowiki>. And if we remove that, leading off with the usage looks odd. So move that down. And then add the intro piece which creates the toc below the first couple of paragraphs. That's one idea. Or you can play with it to try other stuff. This version may break your flow all over again, though. :) [[User:Digiot|Digiot]] 05:09, Apr 5, 2004 (EDT)

::: Cool. It looks much better now, thank you. NO, this is not interrupting the flow and I might just stick with this :) On a slightly different note, how do you get to type in the time along with your signature? [[User:Linuxlala|Linuxlala]]

:::: Just add one more tilde. :) Three gets the name and four gets the name and date. I think it's covered in the [[Wiki markup]] page. --Yeah, it is, but I'm going to see if I can make it more prominent. ;) [[User:Digiot|Digiot]] 10:29, Apr 5, 2004 (EDT)

::::: Ok. Got it. I tried it as well in the [[sandbox]] page.[[User:Linuxlala|Linuxlala]] 14:03, Apr 5, 2004 (EDT)
----

Wow, adding subsections automatically generates a table of conmtent.
Awesome.

[[User:Linuxlala|Linuxlala]]

----

This is a great article, but (you heard that coming, didn't you?) it seems to be more on public-key cryptography in general than on GPG specifically. Each section should have examples of how GPG can be used to accomplish that task. --[[User:Snags|Snags]] 15:53, Apr 5, 2004 (EDT)

:Now that I've added usage to one section, does it look like that information interrupts the flow of the sections? Maybe an extra example section at the bottom would be more appropriate. --[[User:Snags|Snags]] 22:32, Apr 5, 2004 (EDT)

:: I think it looks fine the way it is :) Thanks for the examples.I will be adding a list of commands to go.--[[User:Linuxlala|Linuxlala]] 06:25, Apr 6, 2004 (EDT)
----

Talk:Gpg

2004-04-05T18:03:42Z

Linuxlala:

Talk:Gpg

2004-04-05T18:02:48Z

Linuxlala:

Hi Digiot,

As much as I appreciate your additions to this page, I am sorry to report that I might have to revert back some changes made by you. 'Coz they kindda interrupt the flow of the page.

[[User:Linuxlala|Linuxlala]]

:: No problem. The key thing was just making sure there was a link out of the article and getting some of the formatting down. If the rearranging was overboard, sorry. But I would add that it's usually 'good form' to have an introductory paragraph above the table of contents, if the page does have a toc. [[User:Digiot|Digiot]] 04:48, Apr 5, 2004 (EDT)

:: If the rearranging was overboard, sorry.
:: You don't have to say that man. I really appreciate the kind of hard work you have put into this wiki. So now, the page has a table of content. Do you mean to have an introductory para above it? If so, then kindly do the needful as I am at a loss of knowledge at how to go about doing this. [[User:Linuxlala|Linuxlala]]

::: Thanks. :) You might not like this, either, but it can be reverted and something else could be tried. It's just not usual to have the article title also be a header - the <nowiki>==Gpg==</nowiki>. And if we remove that, leading off with the usage looks odd. So move that down. And then add the intro piece which creates the toc below the first couple of paragraphs. That's one idea. Or you can play with it to try other stuff. This version may break your flow all over again, though. :) [[User:Digiot|Digiot]] 05:09, Apr 5, 2004 (EDT)

::: Cool. It looks much better now, thank you. NO, this is not interrupting the flow and I might just stick with this :) On a slightly different note, how do you get to type in the time along with your signature? [[User:Linuxlala|Linuxlala]]

:::: Just add one more tilde. :) Three gets the name and four gets the name and date. I think it's covered in the [[Wiki markup]] page. --Yeah, it is, but I'm going to see if I can make it more prominent. ;) [[User:Digiot|Digiot]] 10:29, Apr 5, 2004 (EDT)

::::: Ok. Got it. I tried it as well in the [[sandbox]] page.
----

Wow, adding subsections automatically generates a table of conmtent.
Awesome.

[[User:Linuxlala|Linuxlala]]

----

LQWiki:Sandbox

2004-04-05T18:01:27Z

Linuxlala:

=Sandbox=

== Section ==
----
Hello people, this page is for testing.

-Joey

----
=== Sub ===

Use the sandbox to test if you are not sure about the wiki markup.

----

The following characters are not allowed in page titles:

" # $ * + < > = @ [ ] \ ^ ` { } | ~

[[User:Jeremy|Jeremy]] 23:46, Mar 11, 2004 (EST)
----

----
Images work too:

http://images.linuxquestions.org/questions/images/LinuxQuestions-wiki.gif"

Although I expect there might be copyright issues...

----

How about this one?

http://www.google.com/images/logo.gif

--------

[[C++]] ?
[[C|C++]]

There it is! w00t!

--------

LQWiki:Sandbox

2004-04-05T18:01:05Z

Linuxlala:

Gpg

2004-04-05T12:06:02Z

Linuxlala: Spelling correction.

'''GPG''' ('''G'''NU '''P'''rivacy '''G'''uard) is a patent-free, GPL-licensed version of Pretty Good Privacy(PGP) used to encrypt and decrypt data. This program uses public key [[encryption]] technology to create a key pair, consisting of a secret key and a public key.

Your compadres can encrypt messages to you using your public key, which means that this key is available to everyone. Now, these messages can be decrypted using only your secret key, which is why you must safeguard it. So, people can have your public key and you can have the public key of others.

Usage: <tt>gpg ''[option] command''</tt>

==Specific features==
In addition to encryption and decryption capabilities, GNU Privacy Guard also lets you create digital signatures do ''key signing'' and create ''webs of trust''.

===Digital Signatures===

The concept of Digital Signatures was hatched to verify the authenticity of a message. As the name suggests, the message is digitally signed by the sender. A digital signature is made through a combination of the secret key and the text. Using the senders public key, the message can be verified. Just like a message encrypted using your public key can only be decrypted by your secret key, a message encrypted using your secret key can only be decrypted using your public key.

So you know that the message comes from the sender and has not been changed during the transportation process.

===Key Signing===

Key signing is act of digitally signing a public key and a userid packet attached to that key. Key signing is done to verify that a given user id and public key really do belong to the person that appears to own the key and who is represented by the user id packet.

You can digitally sign your own public key and an associated id on that key, or another person's public key and associated public key packet.

In essence, key signatures validate public keys. They are an endorsement of validity of a public key and associated id by a third party. Just like we all say and know for sure that Jeremy is the owner of LQ. This is the way in which key signing builds the web of trust.

===Web of Trust===

A web of trust is a term used to describe the trust relationships between a group of keys. You can think of a key signature as a link, or a strand, in the web of trust. These links are called Trust Paths. Trust paths can be bidirectional or only one way. The ideal web of trust is one in which everyone is connected bidirectionally to everyone else. In effect, everyone trusts that every key does in fact belong to its owner. The web of trust can be thought of as the sum of all the trust paths, or links, between all key holding parties.

Gpg

2004-04-05T12:05:00Z

Linuxlala: Made some changes in the content.

'''GPG''' ('''G'''NU '''P'''rivacy '''G'''uard) is a patent-free, GPL-licensed version of Pretty Good Privacy(PGP) used to encrypt and decrypt data. This program uses public key [[encryption]] technology to create a key pair, consisting of a secret key and a public key.

Your compadres can encrypt messages to you using your public key, which means that this key is available to everyone. Now, these messages can be decrypted using only your secret key, which is why you must safeguard it. So, people can have your public key and you can have the public key of others.

Usage: <tt>gpg ''[option] command''</tt>

==Specific features==
In addition to encryption and decryption capabilities, GNU Privacy Guard also lets you create digital signatures do ''key signing'' and create ''webs of trust''.

===Digital Signatures===

The concept of Digital Signatures was hatched to verify the authenticity of a message. As the name suggests, the message is digitally signed by the sender. A digital signature is made through a combination of the secret key and the text. Using the senders public key, the message can be verified. Just like a message encrypted using your public key can only be decrypted by your secret key, a message encrypted using your secret key can only be decrypted using your public key.

So you know that the message comes from the sender and has not been changed during the transportation process.

===Key Signing===

Key signing is act of digitally signing a public key and a userid packet attached to that key. Key signing is done to verify that a given user id and public key really do belong to the person that appears to own the key and who is represented by the user id packet.

You can digitally sign your own public key and an associated id on that key, or another person's public key and associated public key packet.

In essense, key signatures validate public keys. They are an endorsement of validity of a public key and associated id by a third party. Just like we all say and know for sure that Jeremy is the owner of LQ. This is the way in which key signing builds the web of trust.

===Web of Trust===

A web of trust is a term used to describe the trust relationships between a group of keys. You can think of a key signature as a link, or a strand, in the web of trust. These links are called Trust Paths. Trust paths can be bidirectional or only one way. The ideal web of trust is one in which everyone is connected bidirectionally to everyone else. In effect, everyone trusts that every key does in fact belong to its owner. The web of trust can be thought of as the sum of all the trust paths, or links, between all key holding parties.

Talk:Gpg

2004-04-05T11:57:21Z

Linuxlala:

Talk:Gpg

2004-04-05T08:54:28Z

Linuxlala:

Talk:Gpg

2004-04-05T08:54:03Z

Linuxlala:

Talk:Gpg

2004-04-05T08:53:33Z

Linuxlala:

Talk:Gpg

2004-04-05T08:33:05Z

Linuxlala:

Hi Digiot,

As much as I appreciate your additions to this page, I am sorry to report that I might have to revert back some changes made by you. 'Coz they kindda interrupt the flow of the page.

[[User:Linuxlala|Linuxlala]]

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Wow, adding subsections automatically generates a table of conmtent.
Awesome.

[[User:Linuxlala|Linuxlala]]

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Gpg

2004-04-05T08:31:37Z

Linuxlala:

==gpg==

Usage: <tt>gpg ''[option] command''</tt>

'''GPG''' ('''G'''NU '''P'''rivacy '''G'''uard) is a patent-free, GPL-licensed version of Pretty Good Privacy(PGP) used to encrypt and decrypt data. This program uses public key [[encryption]] technology to create a key pair, consisting of a secret key and a public key.

Your compadres can encrypt messages to you using your public key, which means that this key is available to everyone. Now, these messages can be decrypted using only your secret key, which is why you must safeguard it. So, people can have your public key and you can have the public key of others.

In addition to encryption and decryption capabilities, GNU Privacy Guard also lets you create digital signatures.

===Digital Signatures===

In order to prove the authenticity of a message, the concept of Digital Signatures was invented. As the name suggests, the message is digitally signed by the sender. By using this signature you can check the authenticity of the message. Also information or data can be verified as coming from a legitimate source and thus be regarded as real.

A digital signature is made through a combination of the secret key and the text. Using the senders public key, the message can be verified. Just like a message encrypted using your public key can only be decrypted by your secret key, a message encrypted using your secret key can only be decrypted using your public key. So you know that the message comes from the sender and has not been changed during the transportation process.

===Key Signing===

Key signing is act of digitally signing a public key and a userid packet which is attached to that key. Key signing is done to verify that a given user id and public key really do belong to the entity that appears to own the key and who is represented by the user id packet.

You can digitally sign your own public key and an associated id on that key, or another entity's public key and associated public key packet.

In a sense, key signatures validate public keys. They are an endorsement of validity of a public key and associated id by a third party. This is the way in which key signing builds the web of trust.

===Web of Trust===

A web of trust is a term used to describe the trust relationships between a group of keys. A key signature is a link, or strand if you will, in the web of trust. These links are called Trust Paths. Trust paths can be bidirectional or only one way. The ideal web of trust is one in which everyone is connected bidirectionally to everyone else. In effect, everyone trusts that every key does in fact belong to its owner. The web of trust can be thought of as the sum of all the trust paths, or links, between all key holding parties.

Gpg

2004-04-05T08:30:12Z

Linuxlala: Added more details.

==gpg==

Usage: <tt>gpg ''[option] command''</tt>

'''GPG''' ('''G'''NU '''P'''rivacy '''G'''uard) is a patent-free, GPL-licensed version of Pretty Good Privacy(PGP) used to encrypt and decrypt data. This program uses public key [[encryption]] technology to create a key pair, consisting of a secret key and a public key.

Your compadres can encrypt messages to you using your public key, which means that this key is available to everyone. Now, these messages can be decrypted using only your secret key, which is why you must safeguard it. So, people can have your public key and you can have the public key of others.

In addition to encryption and decryption capabilities, GNU Privacy Guard also lets you create digital signatures.

===Digital Signatures===

In order to prove the authenticity of a message, the concept of Digital Signatures was invented. As the name suggests, the message is digitally signed by the sender. By using this signature you can check the authenticity of the message. Also information or data can be verified as coming from a legitimate source and thus be regarded as real.

A digital signature is made through a combination of the secret key and the text. Using the senders public key, the message can be verified. Just like a message encrypted using your public key can only be decrypted by your secret key, a message encrypted using your secret key can only be decrypted using your public key. So you know that the message comes from the sender and has not been changed during the transportation process.

===Key Signing===

Key signing is act of digitally signing a public key and a userid packet which is attached to that key. Key signing is done to verify that a given user id and public key really do belong to the entity that appears to own the key and who is represented by the user id packet.

You can digitally sign your own public key and an associated id on that key, or another entity's public key and associated public key packet.

In a sense, key signatures validate public keys. They are an endorsement of validity of a public key and associated id by a third party. This is the way in which key signing builds the web of trust.

===Web of Trust===

A web of trust is a term used to describe the trust relationships between a group of keys. A key signature is a link, or strand if you will, in the web of trust. These links are called Trust Paths. Trust paths can be bidirectional or only one way. The ideal web of trust is one in which everyone is connected bidirectionally to everyone else. In effect, everyone trusts that every key does in fact belong to its owner. The web of trust can be thought of as the sum of all the trust paths, or links, between all key holding parties.

Talk:Gpg

2004-04-05T08:19:49Z

Linuxlala:

Gpg

2004-04-05T07:27:48Z

Linuxlala: Added details

==gpg==

gpg [option] command

Encrypts and decrypts data using GNU Privacy Guard, a patent-free, GPL-licensed version of Pretty Good Privacy(PGP). This program uses public key encryption technology to create a key pair, consisting of a secret key and a public key.

Your compadres can encrypt messages to you using your public key, which means that this key is available to everyone. Now, these messages can be decrypted using only your secret key, which is why you must safeguard it. So, people can have your public key and you can have the public key of others.

In addition to encryption and decryption capabilities, GNU Privacy Guard also lets you create digital signatures.

Gpg

2004-04-04T15:21:56Z

Linuxlala:

gpg

gpg [option] command

Talk:All commands

2004-03-09T05:05:25Z

Linuxlala:

Here's a suggestion for a new format:

[[a commands|A]]
*[[alias]], [[at]], [[anacron]], [[apropos]] ''[[a commands|More]]''

The goal is to make the "most important" commands--the ones that crop up in normal use--quickly accessible. Of course, there will be disagreement over which ones are the most important, but I don't see that being a major problem.

It would also get rid of the somewhat repetitive "Commands beginning with the letter [letter]"

Anyways, that's what I'm going to do. If anyone's really unhappy about it, go ahead and revert.

[[User:Chalupamaster92|Chalupamaster92]] 12:21, Mar 7, 2004 (EST)

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This is a good collection and nice effort by you but how about also providing the link to the site where you got all this from.

Plus I will be adding links to these commands. Feel free to join in.

[[User:Linuxlala|Linuxlala]]

----

I have broken this page down as each time I wanted to edit, it said that the page is too big, break it down. I also kinda like the way it looks now. Easy accesibility.

Now it would be easy for people to contribute or edit the commands.

[[User:Linuxlala|Linuxlala]]

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== Beginning to look ok. ==

Finally it looks decent. Good job people. 
[[User:Streg|Streg]] 13:08, Mar 7, 2004 (EST)

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Just a point, but shouldn't we make a distinction between an ''actual'' command like "kill" or "alias" and a call to an external binary like "ls" or "cat"? That could either be useful or it could confuse people :-\

[[User:Moth7|Moth7]] 13:24, Mar 7, 2004 (EST)

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It all lokks very cool now. Nice. But, just one thing. You have added links to all the commands. Are you going to explain them all as well?? I mean, I thought that we should add links to only those commands which already have a page or whicg you intend to explain sooner or later.

But making links to all the commands is not such a good idea as not all of these commands need a page of their own to explain switches and things.

I am not against this and I really like the new look. But all I am saying is that since these pages have been created we shouold all take out some time and give proper description of these commands.

[[User:Linuxlala|Linuxlala]] Mar 9

Encryption

2004-03-06T11:18:37Z

Linuxlala:

Encrypting Files

*[[mcrypt]]- Encrypts the specified file.
*[[gpg]]- Encrypts data using GNU Privacy Guard.
*[[mimencode]]- Encodes the specified binary file to on eof the ASCII encoding formats.
*[[uuencode]]- Encodes the specified binary file so that it can be transferred over a medium which does not support non-ASCII characters.

----

Decrypting Files

*[[gpg]]- Dencrypts data using GNU Privacy Guard.
*[[mdecrypt]]- Decrypts any file with the .enc suffix, that was encrypted by [[mcrypt]].
*[[uudecode]]- Decodes the [[uuencode]] coded file.

Bunzip2

2004-03-06T11:16:56Z

Linuxlala: Spelling corrections.

===bunzip2===

bunzip2 [option] filename

Decompresses the specified filename using a sophisticated algorithm that is up to 30 percent faster than that used by [[gzip]].

By default, bunzip2 does nor overwrite existing output files. Use the --force option to override this setting. However, the program deletes input files by default. Use --keep option to override this setting and writes the compressed file with the .bz2 extension.

===OPTIONS===

*-c,--compress: Force binzip2 to compress the files. This is same as running [[bzip2]].
*-f,--force: Force overwrite of output files.
*-k,--keep: Keep the input files.
*-L,--license: Displays the license terms and conditions
*-V,--version: Displays the software version.

===EXAMPLES===

*bunzip2 off.tar.bz2: Decompresses the specified file.
*bunzip2 --keep off.tar.bz2: Decompresses the specified file without deleting the input file.

Bunzip2

2004-03-06T11:15:34Z

Linuxlala: Added content

===bunzip2===

bunzip2 [option] filename

Decompreses the specified filenaem using a sophisticated algorithm that is up to 30 percent faster than that used by [[gzip]].

By default, bunzip2 does nor overwrite existing output files. Use the --force option to override this setting. However, the program deletes input files by default. Use --keep option to override this setting and writes the compressed file with the .bz2 extension.

===OPTIONS===

*-c,--compress: Force binzip2 to compress the files. This is asmae as running [[bzip2]].
*-f,--force: Force oberwrite of output files.
*-k,--kepp: Keep the input files.
*-L,--license: Displays the license terms and conditions
*-V,--version: Displays the software version.

===EXAMPLES===

*bunzip2 off.tar.bz2: Decompresses the specified file.
*bunzip2 --keep off.tar.bz2: Decompresses the specified file without deleting the input file.

Zmore

2004-03-06T11:04:29Z

Linuxlala: Added content

===zmore===

zmore filename

Displays filename, a file compressed with [[gzip]] or [[compress]] without decompressing the file.

Zcat

2004-03-06T11:02:06Z

Linuxlala: Added content

===zcat===

zcat filename

Displays the specified [[gzip]] compressed file without decompressing the file.

EXAMPLE

zcat test.gz | less - Displays the compressed file(test.gz) and pipes the output to [[less]].

See also: [[zmore]]

Gunzip

2004-03-06T10:58:30Z

Linuxlala: Added content

===gunzip===

gunzip [option] filename

Decompresses the specified filename. This utility can be used to decompress files created with: [[compress]](.Z), [[gzip]](.gz,.tgz) and [[zip]](.zip).

OPTIONS

*-f, --force: Force overwrite to output files.
*-h, --help: Displays available options.
*-l, --list: For each compressed file, list the compressed and uncompressed size, compression ratio and name of the uncompressed file.
*-L, --license: Displays the software version and license terms and conditions.

See also: [[zcat]], [[zmore]]

Talk:Main Page

2004-03-06T07:11:43Z

Linuxlala:

Talk:Main Page

2004-03-05T16:38:54Z

Linuxlala:

Talk:Main Page

2004-03-05T16:37:13Z

Linuxlala:

LQWiki:Sandbox

2004-03-05T16:33:01Z

Linuxlala: Checked some stuff.

Hello people, this page is for testing.

-Joey

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Hey, this sandbox really works. Use it to test if you are not sure about the wiki markup.

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Hi There Linux people from Barbados. Come play in our real sandboxes!
Linux Rules!

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LQWiki:Sandbox

2004-03-05T16:32:36Z

Linuxlala:

Talk:All commands

2004-03-05T09:55:13Z

Linuxlala:

This is a good collection and nice effort by you but how about also providing the link to the site where you got all this from.

Plus I will be adding links to these commands. Feel free to join in.

[[User:Linuxlala|Linuxlala]]

----

I have broken this page down as each time I wanted to edit, it said that the page is too big, break it down. I also kinda like the way it looks now. Easy accesibility.

Now it would be easy for people to contribute or edit the commands.

[[User:Linuxlala|Linuxlala]]

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Etc files

2004-03-05T09:32:20Z

Linuxlala: Coorected spacing

/etc commands

*/etc/hosts - Configures names and aliases of IP-addresses. Fields should be separated with Tab or white space.

*/etc/inittab - Controls process dispatching. Used by init.

*/etc/lilo.conf - Is the configuration file used by the Linux Loader while booting.

*/etc/modules.conf - Loads modules specific options at startup.

*/etc/nologin - Is a text file that, if it exists in /etc/, will prevent non-root users from logging in. If a user attempts to login, it will be shown the contents of the file, and then be disconnected.

*/etc/nsswitch.conf - Specifies how the lookup for different databases are performed and in what order. Lookups are done left to right.

*/etc/printcap - Describes printers and allows dynamic addition and deletion of printers by the spooling system.

*/etc/resolv.conf - Configures DNS name servers to use for hostname lookups.

*/etc/sysconfig/network - Configures the system's network. Specifies hostname and gateway.

*/etc/xinetd.conf - Contains the configuration for the extended internet services started by the xinetd command.

 All of these commands are in Chapter 9 of the Universal Command Guide for Operating Systems.

Etc files

2004-03-05T09:30:54Z

Linuxlala: Added content

Talk:Programming tips & tricks

2004-03-05T08:16:39Z

Linuxlala:

Love the ifconfig>grep>awk command! But it's not necessary to be root on my box - I don't think my perms are screwed up, but it's possible.

[[User:Digiot|Digiot]] 17:26, Mar 1, 2004 (EST)

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Me again. This section seems kind of sparse. Is it maybe due to people not wanting to just plop down any old tip in the middle of nowhere? What do folks think of the idea of moving 'scripting' over here as 'shell scripting' and coming up with some more subcategories. I know it seems paradoxical to categorize very little content, but maybe that'll shake loose some tips from folks.

?

[[User:Digiot|Digiot]] 01:41, Mar 5, 2004 (EST)

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That's a pretty big maybe Digiot. But having shell scripting here would be nice. How about letting folks jot down other tips too. I mean not restricting folks to just Programming. Maybe tips about using some GUI tool and things like that.

What say?

[[User:Linuxlala|Linuxlala]]

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Talk:All commands

2004-03-05T08:10:29Z

Linuxlala: Just a suggestion

Zipinfo

2004-03-04T13:37:13Z

Linuxlala: The WIKI said - GIMME MORE - So here I am

zipinfo [option] [archive] filename

Displays information about the files stored in a zip archive. If you specify a filename, the utility shows information about the specified file.

OPTIONS

*-1: List only filenames.
*-2: List the filenames, headers, trailers and comments.
*-m: List information in a format similar to ls -l
*-v: List information in a verbose, multipage format.
*-z: Show the comments if any.

See also: [[zipnote]]

Zip

2004-03-04T13:30:29Z

Linuxlala: The WIKI said - GIMME MORE - So here I am

zip [option] [archive] filename

Archives and compresses files using a format compatible with PKZIP and WinZip. Unlike [[Linux]] or UNIX compression and archiving utilities, zip combines archiving and compression.

With the -R option, you can quickly compress all the files in the working directory and all it's associated subdirectories. By default, zip does not delete input files. To decompress files use [[unzip]].

OPTIONS

*-b pathname: Use the specified pathname for the temporary zip archive
*-c: Add one line comments to each file. You will be prompted to add the comments after the file operations are complete.
*-d: Delete the specified files from an existing archive.
*-D: Omit Directory names from archive.
*-e: Specify a password.
*-F: Repair a damaged archive if possible.
*-g: Append to the existing structure.
*-h: Show available options.
*-j: Omit path information from names of the archived files. Store only the filenames.
*-L: Displays the program license.
*-r directory: Archives all the files in the specified directory.
*-R Archives all the files in the working directory and all its associated subdirectories.
*-t time: Skip files modified before specified time. Use the ddmmyyyy form to specify time.
*-tt time: Skip files modified after the specified time. Use the ddmmyyyy form to specify time.

EXAMPLES

*zip documents *- Creates the specified archive(documents.zip).
*zip documents *.sdw- Creates the specified archive using all the .sdw files in the working directory.
*zip -g documents essays/*- Appends all the files in the specified subdirectory(essays/) to the existing archive(documents.zip).
*zip -mT documents *- Moves all the files in the working directory to the specified archive(documents.zip) and deletes the input files.
*zip R archive * -x *.doc- Archives all the files in the working directory and all its associated subdirectories excluding those with the .doc suffix.

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See also: [[zipinfo]], [[zipnote]], [[zipsplit]]

Uncompress

2004-03-04T07:08:27Z

Linuxlala: Added content

uncompress decompresses the [[compress]](.Z) compressed file.

Usage- uncompress [option] filename

By default, the program prompts the user before overwriting existing files. You can override this procedure by using the <b.-f option. Use of this utility is discouraged because it's underlying compression algorithm is patented. You can use [[gunzip]] to decompress .Z files.

OPTIONS

*-c : Write to standard output
*-f : Overwrite files without asking for confirmation
*-V : Show version number

User talk:Linuxlala

2004-03-02T15:55:15Z

Linuxlala:

Talk to me. Use this page or use my e-mail id to pass on your views to me. My profile is where it should be, [http://www.linuxquestions.org/questions/member.php?s=&action=getinfo&userid=50243 HERE]

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See? Two edits. I thought I was on Skyline's page. Too many tabs open. Sorry.

[[User:Digiot|Digiot]] 03:28, Feb 25, 2004 (EST)

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Hey, NP [[User:Digiot|Digiot]]

[[User:Linuxlala|Linuxlala]]

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Command

2004-03-02T15:54:33Z

Linuxlala: Edited a link

== Commands ==

Here is a short list of Linux commands which still needs to be added to.
 
Note: Not all distributions will contain all of these commands. Also, some may vary from one distro to another.

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*[[Shells]]
*[[File Commands]]
*[[Directory Commands]]
*[[User Commands]]
*[[Kernel Commands]]
*[[Startup/Shutdown Commands]]
*[[Managing Sessions]]
*[[Disk and Tape Drive Commands]]
*[[Internet and Network Commands]]
*[[Using Text Editors]]
*[[Text Viewing and Processing Tools]]
*[[Compressing files]]
*[[Uncompressing Files]]
*[[Encrypting files|Encrypting/Decrypting Files]]
*[[Scripting]]

See the [http://man.linuxquestions.org/ LQ Manual Pages] for how to use the commands. 
 This list is not complete yet :)