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	<id>https://wiki.linuxquestions.org/api.php?action=feedcontributions&amp;feedformat=atom&amp;user=ThorstenStaerk</id>
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	<updated>2026-04-13T17:58:50Z</updated>
	<subtitle>User contributions</subtitle>
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	<entry>
		<id>https://wiki.linuxquestions.org/index.php?title=Talk:Linux_software_equivalent_to_Windows_software&amp;diff=69508</id>
		<title>Talk:Linux software equivalent to Windows software</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wiki.linuxquestions.org/index.php?title=Talk:Linux_software_equivalent_to_Windows_software&amp;diff=69508"/>
		<updated>2024-06-01T12:50:43Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;ThorstenStaerk: cloud native software&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;==Notice, suggestions, etc.==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Made a whole bunch of minor edits, mostly adds. Changed Cakewalk to Cakewalk/Sonar for example. Mostly I added software, though I suggest we create a security sub section which includes AV software as that is a common question I get when helping noobs. I also suggest emulators such as QEMU. As for a really old discussion I agree in that we should not separate KDE, Gnome, XFCE and X apps. Realistically most people mix them up pretty heavily no matter what desktop they use and users are confused enough as it is when they first start.   [[User:Draciron|Draciron]] March 1, 2011&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==News readers==&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
Ok, it has been ignored long enough. Someone made a request for Newsreader software a LONG time (year?) ago, and it should have been added by now. If it's not here when I return, then I'll be adding it myself. Also, Bittorent and P2P software should be added too.--[[User:Sepero|Sepero]] 06:40, January 13, 2007 (EST)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Avast blues==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I removed the link to the Avast Antivirus Website (http://www.avast.com) to discourage use of that program on Linux. On a Fedora default installation, Avast incorrectly identifies an image file as a virus. Avast has repeatedly been told about this issue and refuses to correct it.--[[User:Sepero|Sepero]] 20:43, January 12, 2007 (EST)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Notice, Windows applications==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Ok, I've added more Apps on the MSWindows side. I mainly put OSS apps over there, because having the same app on both OS's makes for an easier transition.--[[User:Sepero|Sepero]] 21:02, Nov 11, 2005 (EST)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Add news readers?==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
How about usenet news reading programs (ie: Forte Agent/Free Agent)? ~~&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
--[[User:Jsm|Jsm]] 13:17, September 15, 2006 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Grouping==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Just wondering, would it not be good to divide the applications by group? When I use Ubuntu I rather install gnomebaker then k3b, because the later will load kde libs when starting up, and that makes it rather slow. So it would be something like k3b(kde), gnomebaker(gnome), Xfburn(xfce), etc... I know these seem obious but not all are. Or something like - GNOME : gnomebaker, etc, etc KDE : K3b, etc, etc XFCE: xfburn, etc, etc - you get the point...&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
If I may, I disagree Jsm. Many newbies are confused about DE's and think that they are not be able to run Gnome apps on KDE, and vise-versa. This separation with only help to further install that confusion. --[[User:Sepero|Sepero]] 18:09, December 30, 2006 (EST)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Add tuxfutter?==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Just came accross this one, don't know if it's gonna be of use but just in case :&lt;br /&gt;
http://www.tuxfutter.de/en/wiki/Main_Page&lt;br /&gt;
[[User:Questynux|Questynux]] 03:25, January 19, 2007 (EST)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Linux equivalent to Macromedia Dreamweaver.... ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Is there any software that is equivalent to Dreamweaver for producing database driver dynamic websites on the fly??? If so, please list that software too.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Structure ==&lt;br /&gt;
The structure of this page makes it confusing. E.g. we have &amp;quot;Utilities&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Network&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;Scientific&amp;quot;. What is if I look for a scientific network utility? I have to search in three chapters. I may not notice that I have to do this and skip after the first one. In my opinion, the structure from [[appliCation]] is best:&lt;br /&gt;
# 1 Office and Productivity&lt;br /&gt;
# 2 Multimedia Applications and Devices&lt;br /&gt;
# 3 Networking and Internet&lt;br /&gt;
# 4 Education&lt;br /&gt;
# 5 Games&lt;br /&gt;
--[[User:ThorstenStaerk|ThorstenStaerk]] 07:35, October 16, 2009 (UTC)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== DTP package ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Tried adding www.pagestream.org to the DTP Publishing section, but the spam filter says it's blacklisted.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
True, this is a commercial app, but it's low-cost, and probably the single most powerful DTP program available to Linux users; I mean, Scribus is a very nice app, but it just doesn't compare.&lt;br /&gt;
--[[User:Dmbreakey|Dmbreakey]] 15:40, April 2, 2011 (UTC)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Edit blues ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I get the following message when I try to edit the article, just trying correcting &amp;quot;Wordpad&amp;quot; to &amp;quot;WordPad&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
: The page you wanted to save was blocked by the spam filter. This is probably caused by a link to a blacklisted external site.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
: The following text is what triggered our spam filter: http://akismet.com blacklist error&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
What can be done about it? --[[User:Peter Mortensen|Peter Mortensen]] 20:58, July 4, 2011 (UTC)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== GNOME Applications ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
All GNOME applications seem to be strangely absent where a KDE application is available?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Libre version replacement of Open Office should certainly be listed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Networkingetwork ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I wonder if the ''Networking'' section could be better described. When one thinks of networking, maybe people are thinking network tools. Maybe ''Internet Software'' or ''Online Apps'' or something. [[User:Pigzag|Pigzag]] ([[User talk:Pigzag|talk]]) 08:27, April 21, 2019 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== System Tools ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I wonder if things such as ''gparted'' and other system tools should be in their own section, rather than office/productivity. [[User:Pigzag|Pigzag]] ([[User talk:Pigzag|talk]]) 08:27, April 21, 2019 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Cloud Software =&lt;br /&gt;
As you can see I already contributed to this page in 2011. Since then, a lot has changed, I started using Google Docs with my Linux desktop, fell in love with Google, and joined the company. I wonder if it makes sense to list software like Google Docs and bubbl.us mindmapping as &amp;quot;cloud native&amp;quot; software that is available as well on Linux as on Windows. Usually I would just go ahead and add it, however being a Google employee this feels like borderline advertisement. So, what do you all think about it? --[[User:ThorstenStaerk|ThorstenStaerk]] ([[User talk:ThorstenStaerk|talk]]) 12:50, June 1, 2024 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>ThorstenStaerk</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wiki.linuxquestions.org/index.php?title=Install_mediawiki_with_sqlite&amp;diff=60336</id>
		<title>Install mediawiki with sqlite</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wiki.linuxquestions.org/index.php?title=Install_mediawiki_with_sqlite&amp;diff=60336"/>
		<updated>2014-11-21T16:25:54Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;ThorstenStaerk: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[Mediawiki]] with an SQLite database has a lot of advantages over MySQL, PostgreSQL and others. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 apt-get install php5-sqlite&lt;br /&gt;
 /etc/init.d/apache2 restart&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>ThorstenStaerk</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wiki.linuxquestions.org/index.php?title=Install_mediawiki_with_sqlite&amp;diff=60335</id>
		<title>Install mediawiki with sqlite</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wiki.linuxquestions.org/index.php?title=Install_mediawiki_with_sqlite&amp;diff=60335"/>
		<updated>2014-11-21T16:25:38Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;ThorstenStaerk: Created page with &amp;quot;Mediawiki with an SQLite database has a lot of advantages over MySQL, PostgreSQL and others.    apt-get install php5-sqlite  /etc/init.d/apache2 restart&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Mediawiki with an SQLite database has a lot of advantages over MySQL, PostgreSQL and others. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 apt-get install php5-sqlite&lt;br /&gt;
 /etc/init.d/apache2 restart&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>ThorstenStaerk</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wiki.linuxquestions.org/index.php?title=Apache&amp;diff=60334</id>
		<title>Apache</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wiki.linuxquestions.org/index.php?title=Apache&amp;diff=60334"/>
		<updated>2014-11-21T15:47:53Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;ThorstenStaerk: NameVirtualHost&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;'''Apache''' is the common name for an [[open source]] [[web server]] used on Linux systems, written by the [[Apache Foundation]]. Since the Apache Foundation has produced a lot of projects, the web server is more correctly known as the &amp;quot;Apache web server&amp;quot; or [[httpd]]. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Apache web server is one of the most popular web servers in current use (powering 69% of web sites according to a recent Netcraft survey).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Web Site =&lt;br /&gt;
Apache's web site is http://httpd.apache.org.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Install apache =&lt;br /&gt;
To install apache, [[find out your distro]] and proceed accordingly:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== CentOS 4/5 ==&lt;br /&gt;
* To install apache with [[php]] support, [[open a console]] as [[root]] and enter&lt;br /&gt;
 yum install httpd php php-cli&lt;br /&gt;
* To start apache, enter&lt;br /&gt;
 /etc/init.d/http start&lt;br /&gt;
* To make apache2 start in the future after [[booting]], enter&lt;br /&gt;
 [[chkconfig]] httpd on&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Red Hat 4/5 ==&lt;br /&gt;
* To install apache with [[php]] support, [[open a console]] as [[root]] and enter&lt;br /&gt;
 yum install httpd php php-cli&lt;br /&gt;
* To start apache, enter&lt;br /&gt;
 /etc/init.d/http start&lt;br /&gt;
* To make apache2 start in the future after [[booting]], enter&lt;br /&gt;
 [[chkconfig]] httpd on&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Fedora 6 to 11 == &lt;br /&gt;
* To install apache with [[php]] support, [[open a console]] as [[root]] and enter&lt;br /&gt;
 yum install httpd php php-cli&lt;br /&gt;
* To start apache, enter&lt;br /&gt;
 /etc/init.d/http start&lt;br /&gt;
* To make apache2 start in the future after [[booting]], enter&lt;br /&gt;
 [[chkconfig]] httpd on&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Debian and Ubuntu ==&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.debianhelp.co.uk/apacheinstall.htm Apache2 Configuration in Debian]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.debianadmin.com/apache2-web-server-with-php-support-in-ubuntu.html Apache2 Installation and Configuration in Ubuntu]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Slackware 9.x/10.x ==&lt;br /&gt;
To have Apache start automatically when you boot your system:&lt;br /&gt;
* Make sure the apache-1.3.29 package is installed (or newer version)&lt;br /&gt;
* Make /etc/rc.d/rc.httpd executable (chmod 755 /etc/rc.d/rc.httpd)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Fedora Core 1 ==&lt;br /&gt;
To start apache,&lt;br /&gt;
* [[open a console]] as [[root]] and enter&lt;br /&gt;
 /etc/init.d/httpd start&lt;br /&gt;
To start apache in the future after [[booting]], enter&lt;br /&gt;
 chkconfig httpd on&lt;br /&gt;
To allow others to connect to your web server (http) requests, you must open the www port (80) in the [[firewAll]], so run&lt;br /&gt;
 redhat-config-securitylevel&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Red Hat's graphical configuration tool ('''redhat-config-httpd''' or &amp;quot;Start&amp;quot; &amp;amp;gt; System Settings &amp;amp;gt; Server Settings &amp;amp;gt; HTTP) provices a graphical, easy-to-use interface for configuring Apache.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== SuSE ==&lt;br /&gt;
These descriptions have been successfully tested on SUSE 11.0 - 11.4 but should work same or similar on any version.&lt;br /&gt;
* To install apache with [[php]] support, [[open a console]] as [[root]] and enter&lt;br /&gt;
 yast -i apache2 apache2-mod-php5&lt;br /&gt;
* To start apache, enter&lt;br /&gt;
 /etc/init.d/http start&lt;br /&gt;
* To make apache2 start in the future after [[booting]], enter&lt;br /&gt;
 [[chkconfig]] apache2 on&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Arch Linux ==&lt;br /&gt;
* To install apache, [[open a console]] as [[root]] and enter&lt;br /&gt;
 pacman -Sy apache&lt;br /&gt;
* To start apache, enter&lt;br /&gt;
 /etc/rc.d/httpd start&lt;br /&gt;
* To make apache2 start in the future after [[booting]], add httpd to the list of daemons in &amp;lt;tt&amp;gt;/etc/rc.conf&amp;lt;/tt&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Gentoo Linux ==&lt;br /&gt;
* To install apache with [[php]] support, [[open a console]] as [[root]] and enter&lt;br /&gt;
 [[emerge]] apache&lt;br /&gt;
 [[emerge]] mod_php&lt;br /&gt;
* To start apache, enter&lt;br /&gt;
 /etc/init.d/apache2 start&lt;br /&gt;
* To make apache2 start in the future after [[booting]], enter&lt;br /&gt;
 rc-update add apache2 default&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Setup =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Where are the files? ==&lt;br /&gt;
By default the [[files]] are here:&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable sortable&amp;quot; border=1&lt;br /&gt;
! [[distro]] !! [[configuration]] [[files]] !! html files &amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;(documentRoot)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arch_Linux Arch Linux] || /etc/httpd/conf/ || /home/httpd/html/&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| CentOs 4/5 || /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf || /var/www/html&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| [[fedorA]] 1    || /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf || /var/www/html&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| [[fedorA]] 6-11 || /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf || /var/www/html&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| [[GenToo]] || /etc/apache2/httpd.conf || /var/www/localhost/htdocs/&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Red Hat]] 4/5 || /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf || /var/www/html&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| [[SlackWare]] || /etc/apache/httpd.conf || /var/www/htdocs&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| [[SUSE]] || /etc/apache2/httpd.conf || /srv/www/htdocs&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Ubuntu]] || /etc/apache2/apache2.conf || /var/www&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
But files can be on very different locations, for example, if you rent a server in the internet from a hosting provider. To understand why it makes sense to use a different file structure, you need to understand name-based virtual hosting.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== one-site configuration ==&lt;br /&gt;
If you will only be hosting one site with Apache, setup is particularly simple. In the httpd.conf (see above for its location):&lt;br /&gt;
* set the ServerName directive to your servername (which should be resolvable via DNS)&lt;br /&gt;
* disable UserDir unless you want users to publish their own websites in their home directories&lt;br /&gt;
* place your website in the Document Root (varies by distribution; see above). &lt;br /&gt;
Test in any [[browser]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== name-based virtual hosts ==&lt;br /&gt;
[http://httpd.apache.org/docs/1.3/vhosts/name-based.html Name-based virtual hosts] allow you to have one apache configuration serving multiple sites with different content. For example, if www.foo.com and www.bar.org point to the same IP address, they can still deliver different content. Apache analyzes which server name is contained in the http 1.1 request and serves content accordingly based on the VirtualHost directive, e.g. in httpd.conf.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Let's look at an example&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;pre&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
NameVirtualHost *:80&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;VirtualHost *:80&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
ServerName www.foo.com&lt;br /&gt;
ServerAlias foo.com *.foo.com&lt;br /&gt;
DocumentRoot /srv/www/htdocs&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/VirtualHost&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;VirtualHost *:80&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
ServerName mail.foo.com&lt;br /&gt;
DocumentRoot /srv/www/htdocs/mail&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/VirtualHost&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;VirtualHost *:80&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
ServerName www.bar.org&lt;br /&gt;
DocumentRoot /srv/www/htdocs/bar&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/VirtualHost&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/pre&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
This will deliver the content for www.bar.org from /srv/www/htdocs/bar and the content for foo.com from /srv/www/htdocs.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== https ==&lt;br /&gt;
See [[Set up apache2 for https]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== additional software ==&lt;br /&gt;
This wiki also describes how to [[set up apache2 for https]]. For different web-software you may also want to enable [[perl]] using mod_perl, or [[mysql]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Configuration directives ==&lt;br /&gt;
* [[AllowOverRide]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[ServerName]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= TroubleShooting =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== VirtualHost overlap on port 80 ==&lt;br /&gt;
Symptom: When starting apache2 you get&lt;br /&gt;
 _default_ VirtualHost overlap on port 80, the first has precedence&lt;br /&gt;
Solution: Add the following line at the beginning of the configuration file:&lt;br /&gt;
 NameVirtualHost *:80&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= See also =&lt;br /&gt;
* [[apache2ctl]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[a2enmod]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Securing Apache]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.apache.org Apache.org] -- official website&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.webmin.com Webmin] -- a graphical configuration tool for Apache.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Database]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>ThorstenStaerk</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wiki.linuxquestions.org/index.php?title=Apache&amp;diff=60333</id>
		<title>Apache</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wiki.linuxquestions.org/index.php?title=Apache&amp;diff=60333"/>
		<updated>2014-11-21T15:45:23Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;ThorstenStaerk: without NameVirtualHost it does not work&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;'''Apache''' is the common name for an [[open source]] [[web server]] used on Linux systems, written by the [[Apache Foundation]]. Since the Apache Foundation has produced a lot of projects, the web server is more correctly known as the &amp;quot;Apache web server&amp;quot; or [[httpd]]. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Apache web server is one of the most popular web servers in current use (powering 69% of web sites according to a recent Netcraft survey).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Web Site =&lt;br /&gt;
Apache's web site is http://httpd.apache.org.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Install apache =&lt;br /&gt;
To install apache, [[find out your distro]] and proceed accordingly:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== CentOS 4/5 ==&lt;br /&gt;
* To install apache with [[php]] support, [[open a console]] as [[root]] and enter&lt;br /&gt;
 yum install httpd php php-cli&lt;br /&gt;
* To start apache, enter&lt;br /&gt;
 /etc/init.d/http start&lt;br /&gt;
* To make apache2 start in the future after [[booting]], enter&lt;br /&gt;
 [[chkconfig]] httpd on&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Red Hat 4/5 ==&lt;br /&gt;
* To install apache with [[php]] support, [[open a console]] as [[root]] and enter&lt;br /&gt;
 yum install httpd php php-cli&lt;br /&gt;
* To start apache, enter&lt;br /&gt;
 /etc/init.d/http start&lt;br /&gt;
* To make apache2 start in the future after [[booting]], enter&lt;br /&gt;
 [[chkconfig]] httpd on&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Fedora 6 to 11 == &lt;br /&gt;
* To install apache with [[php]] support, [[open a console]] as [[root]] and enter&lt;br /&gt;
 yum install httpd php php-cli&lt;br /&gt;
* To start apache, enter&lt;br /&gt;
 /etc/init.d/http start&lt;br /&gt;
* To make apache2 start in the future after [[booting]], enter&lt;br /&gt;
 [[chkconfig]] httpd on&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Debian and Ubuntu ==&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.debianhelp.co.uk/apacheinstall.htm Apache2 Configuration in Debian]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.debianadmin.com/apache2-web-server-with-php-support-in-ubuntu.html Apache2 Installation and Configuration in Ubuntu]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Slackware 9.x/10.x ==&lt;br /&gt;
To have Apache start automatically when you boot your system:&lt;br /&gt;
* Make sure the apache-1.3.29 package is installed (or newer version)&lt;br /&gt;
* Make /etc/rc.d/rc.httpd executable (chmod 755 /etc/rc.d/rc.httpd)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Fedora Core 1 ==&lt;br /&gt;
To start apache,&lt;br /&gt;
* [[open a console]] as [[root]] and enter&lt;br /&gt;
 /etc/init.d/httpd start&lt;br /&gt;
To start apache in the future after [[booting]], enter&lt;br /&gt;
 chkconfig httpd on&lt;br /&gt;
To allow others to connect to your web server (http) requests, you must open the www port (80) in the [[firewAll]], so run&lt;br /&gt;
 redhat-config-securitylevel&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Red Hat's graphical configuration tool ('''redhat-config-httpd''' or &amp;quot;Start&amp;quot; &amp;amp;gt; System Settings &amp;amp;gt; Server Settings &amp;amp;gt; HTTP) provices a graphical, easy-to-use interface for configuring Apache.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== SuSE ==&lt;br /&gt;
These descriptions have been successfully tested on SUSE 11.0 - 11.4 but should work same or similar on any version.&lt;br /&gt;
* To install apache with [[php]] support, [[open a console]] as [[root]] and enter&lt;br /&gt;
 yast -i apache2 apache2-mod-php5&lt;br /&gt;
* To start apache, enter&lt;br /&gt;
 /etc/init.d/http start&lt;br /&gt;
* To make apache2 start in the future after [[booting]], enter&lt;br /&gt;
 [[chkconfig]] apache2 on&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Arch Linux ==&lt;br /&gt;
* To install apache, [[open a console]] as [[root]] and enter&lt;br /&gt;
 pacman -Sy apache&lt;br /&gt;
* To start apache, enter&lt;br /&gt;
 /etc/rc.d/httpd start&lt;br /&gt;
* To make apache2 start in the future after [[booting]], add httpd to the list of daemons in &amp;lt;tt&amp;gt;/etc/rc.conf&amp;lt;/tt&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Gentoo Linux ==&lt;br /&gt;
* To install apache with [[php]] support, [[open a console]] as [[root]] and enter&lt;br /&gt;
 [[emerge]] apache&lt;br /&gt;
 [[emerge]] mod_php&lt;br /&gt;
* To start apache, enter&lt;br /&gt;
 /etc/init.d/apache2 start&lt;br /&gt;
* To make apache2 start in the future after [[booting]], enter&lt;br /&gt;
 rc-update add apache2 default&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Setup =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Where are the files? ==&lt;br /&gt;
By default the [[files]] are here:&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable sortable&amp;quot; border=1&lt;br /&gt;
! [[distro]] !! [[configuration]] [[files]] !! html files &amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;(documentRoot)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arch_Linux Arch Linux] || /etc/httpd/conf/ || /home/httpd/html/&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| CentOs 4/5 || /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf || /var/www/html&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| [[fedorA]] 1    || /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf || /var/www/html&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| [[fedorA]] 6-11 || /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf || /var/www/html&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| [[GenToo]] || /etc/apache2/httpd.conf || /var/www/localhost/htdocs/&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Red Hat]] 4/5 || /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf || /var/www/html&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| [[SlackWare]] || /etc/apache/httpd.conf || /var/www/htdocs&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| [[SUSE]] || /etc/apache2/httpd.conf || /srv/www/htdocs&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| [[Ubuntu]] || /etc/apache2/apache2.conf || /var/www&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
But files can be on very different locations, for example, if you rent a server in the internet from a hosting provider. To understand why it makes sense to use a different file structure, you need to understand name-based virtual hosting.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== one-site configuration ==&lt;br /&gt;
If you will only be hosting one site with Apache, setup is particularly simple. In the httpd.conf (see above for its location):&lt;br /&gt;
* set the ServerName directive to your servername (which should be resolvable via DNS)&lt;br /&gt;
* disable UserDir unless you want users to publish their own websites in their home directories&lt;br /&gt;
* place your website in the Document Root (varies by distribution; see above). &lt;br /&gt;
Test in any [[browser]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== name-based virtual hosts ==&lt;br /&gt;
[http://httpd.apache.org/docs/1.3/vhosts/name-based.html Name-based virtual hosts] allow you to have one apache configuration serving multiple sites with different content. For example, if www.foo.com and www.bar.org point to the same IP address, they can still deliver different content. Apache analyzes which server name is contained in the http 1.1 request and serves content accordingly based on the VirtualHost directive, e.g. in httpd.conf.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Let's look at an example&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;pre&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
NameVirtualHost *:80&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;VirtualHost *:80&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
ServerName www.foo.com&lt;br /&gt;
ServerAlias foo.com *.foo.com&lt;br /&gt;
DocumentRoot /srv/www/htdocs&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/VirtualHost&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;VirtualHost *:80&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
ServerName mail.foo.com&lt;br /&gt;
DocumentRoot /srv/www/htdocs/mail&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/VirtualHost&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;VirtualHost *:80&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
ServerName www.bar.org&lt;br /&gt;
DocumentRoot /srv/www/htdocs/bar&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/VirtualHost&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/pre&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
This will deliver the content for www.bar.org from /srv/www/htdocs/bar and the content for foo.com from /srv/www/htdocs.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== https ==&lt;br /&gt;
See [[Set up apache2 for https]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== additional software ==&lt;br /&gt;
This wiki also describes how to [[set up apache2 for https]]. For different web-software you may also want to enable [[perl]] using mod_perl, or [[mysql]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Configuration directives ==&lt;br /&gt;
* [[AllowOverRide]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[ServerName]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= See also =&lt;br /&gt;
* [[apache2ctl]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[a2enmod]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Securing Apache]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.apache.org Apache.org] -- official website&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.webmin.com Webmin] -- a graphical configuration tool for Apache.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Database]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>ThorstenStaerk</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wiki.linuxquestions.org/index.php?title=Quota&amp;diff=60332</id>
		<title>Quota</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wiki.linuxquestions.org/index.php?title=Quota&amp;diff=60332"/>
		<updated>2014-11-20T16:09:16Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;ThorstenStaerk: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;'''File system quotas''' refer to how much [[disk]] space a given [[user]] is allowed to have on a given [[partition]]. Quotas are established using the &amp;lt;code&amp;gt;quota&amp;lt;/code&amp;gt; command. The purpose of quotas is to keep the users from taking up more disk space than they should properly have - for example, on a large [http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-user multi-user] system.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= QuickStart =&lt;br /&gt;
* To set a quota you may have to - depending on your [[distribution]] - [[install]] the quota [[package]] first. To do this e.g. under SUSE Linux [[open a console]] and issue&lt;br /&gt;
 [[yast]] -i quota&lt;br /&gt;
* Now you will need to make sure the partition you want to set a quota on is mounted with quotas enabled. For example if you want to set a quota onto the / partition you must remount this with the option usrquota or grpquota. To achieve this you could add usrquota to your /etc/fstab like this:&lt;br /&gt;
 /dev/sda   /   ext4   acl,'''usrquota''',user_xattr        1 1&lt;br /&gt;
and then reboot.&lt;br /&gt;
* initialize the quota: &lt;br /&gt;
 # quotacheck -F vfsold -m -c /&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* set a quota for a user named ''john'':&lt;br /&gt;
 edquota ''john''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
You will get to a new screen where you can set the quota for that user. It will look like this:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;pre&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Disk quotas for user john (uid 1000):&lt;br /&gt;
  Filesystem                   blocks       soft       hard     inodes     soft     hard&lt;br /&gt;
  /dev/sda1                    104888          0          0       1117        1        1&lt;br /&gt;
~                                                                                               &lt;br /&gt;
~ &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/pre&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Note that above we have set a quota of 1 for soft inode limit and hard inode limit.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
To activate the quota use &amp;lt;pre&amp;gt;quotaon&amp;lt;/pre&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* now test it out:&lt;br /&gt;
 # su - john&lt;br /&gt;
 $ touch test&lt;br /&gt;
 $ touch test2&lt;br /&gt;
 sda1: write failed, user file limit reached.&lt;br /&gt;
 touch: cannot touch ‘test2’: Disk quota exceeded&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= TroubleShooting =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Has no quota enabled ==&lt;br /&gt;
 # quotaon /&lt;br /&gt;
 quotaon: Mountpoint (or device) / not found or has no quota enabled.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Cannot find //aquota.user ==&lt;br /&gt;
 # quotaon /&lt;br /&gt;
 quotaon: cannot find //aquota.user on /dev/sda1 [/]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= See also =&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://linux.die.net/man/8/edquota edquota's man page]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.debianadmin.com/implement-and-manage-disk-quotas-in-linux.html Implement and Manage Disk Quotas]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>ThorstenStaerk</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wiki.linuxquestions.org/index.php?title=Quota&amp;diff=60331</id>
		<title>Quota</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wiki.linuxquestions.org/index.php?title=Quota&amp;diff=60331"/>
		<updated>2014-11-20T14:53:33Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;ThorstenStaerk: /* QuickStart */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;'''File system quotas''' refer to how much [[disk]] space a given [[user]] is allowed to have on a given [[partition]]. Quotas are established using the &amp;lt;code&amp;gt;quota&amp;lt;/code&amp;gt; command. The purpose of quotas is to keep the users from taking up more disk space than they should properly have - for example, on a large [http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-user multi-user] system.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= QuickStart =&lt;br /&gt;
* To set a quota you may have to - depending on your [[distribution]] - [[install]] the quota [[package]] first. To do this e.g. under SUSE Linux [[open a console]] and issue&lt;br /&gt;
 [[yast]] -i quota&lt;br /&gt;
* Now you will need to make sure the partition you want to set a quota on is mounted with quotas enabled. For example if you want to set a quota onto the / partition you must remount this with the option usrquota or grpquota. To achieve this you could add usrquota to your /etc/fstab like this:&lt;br /&gt;
 /dev/sda   /   ext4   acl,'''usrquota''',user_xattr        1 1&lt;br /&gt;
and then reboot.&lt;br /&gt;
* initialize the quota: &lt;br /&gt;
 # quotacheck -F vfsold -m -c /&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* set a quota for a user named ''john'':&lt;br /&gt;
 edquota ''john''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
You will get to a new screen where you can set the quota for that user. It will look like this:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;pre&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Disk quotas for user john (uid 1000):&lt;br /&gt;
  Filesystem                   blocks       soft       hard     inodes     soft     hard&lt;br /&gt;
  /dev/sda1                    104888          0          0       1117        0        0&lt;br /&gt;
~                                                                                               &lt;br /&gt;
~ &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/pre&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
To activate the quota use &amp;lt;pre&amp;gt;quotaon&amp;lt;/pre&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= TroubleShooting =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Has no quota enabled ==&lt;br /&gt;
 # quotaon /&lt;br /&gt;
 quotaon: Mountpoint (or device) / not found or has no quota enabled.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Cannot find //aquota.user ==&lt;br /&gt;
 # quotaon /&lt;br /&gt;
 quotaon: cannot find //aquota.user on /dev/sda1 [/]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= See also =&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://linux.die.net/man/8/edquota edquota's man page]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.debianadmin.com/implement-and-manage-disk-quotas-in-linux.html Implement and Manage Disk Quotas]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{stub}}&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>ThorstenStaerk</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wiki.linuxquestions.org/index.php?title=Quota&amp;diff=60330</id>
		<title>Quota</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wiki.linuxquestions.org/index.php?title=Quota&amp;diff=60330"/>
		<updated>2014-11-20T14:47:06Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;ThorstenStaerk: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;'''File system quotas''' refer to how much [[disk]] space a given [[user]] is allowed to have on a given [[partition]]. Quotas are established using the &amp;lt;code&amp;gt;quota&amp;lt;/code&amp;gt; command. The purpose of quotas is to keep the users from taking up more disk space than they should properly have - for example, on a large [http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-user multi-user] system.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= QuickStart =&lt;br /&gt;
* To set a quota you may have to - depending on your [[distribution]] - [[install]] the quota [[package]] first. To do this e.g. under SUSE Linux [[open a console]] and issue&lt;br /&gt;
 [[yast]] -i quota&lt;br /&gt;
* Now you will need to make sure the partition you want to set a quota on is mounted with quotas enabled. For example if you want to set a quota onto the / partition you must remount this with the option usrquota or grpquota. To achieve this you could add usrquota to your /etc/fstab like this:&lt;br /&gt;
 /dev/sda   /   ext4   acl,'''usrquota''',user_xattr        1 1&lt;br /&gt;
and then reboot.&lt;br /&gt;
* initialize the quota: &lt;br /&gt;
 # quotacheck -F vfsold -m -c /&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* set a quota for a user named ''john'':&lt;br /&gt;
 edquota ''john''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
You will get to a new screen where you can set the quota for that user. It will look like this:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;pre&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Disk quotas for user tstaerk (uid 1000):&lt;br /&gt;
  Filesystem                   blocks       soft       hard     inodes     soft     hard&lt;br /&gt;
  /dev/sda1                    104888          0          0       1117        0        0&lt;br /&gt;
~                                                                                               &lt;br /&gt;
~ &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/pre&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
To activate the quota use &amp;lt;pre&amp;gt;quotaon&amp;lt;/pre&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= TroubleShooting =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Has no quota enabled ==&lt;br /&gt;
 # quotaon /&lt;br /&gt;
 quotaon: Mountpoint (or device) / not found or has no quota enabled.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Cannot find //aquota.user ==&lt;br /&gt;
 # quotaon /&lt;br /&gt;
 quotaon: cannot find //aquota.user on /dev/sda1 [/]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= See also =&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://linux.die.net/man/8/edquota edquota's man page]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.debianadmin.com/implement-and-manage-disk-quotas-in-linux.html Implement and Manage Disk Quotas]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{stub}}&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>ThorstenStaerk</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wiki.linuxquestions.org/index.php?title=Quota&amp;diff=60329</id>
		<title>Quota</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wiki.linuxquestions.org/index.php?title=Quota&amp;diff=60329"/>
		<updated>2014-11-20T14:46:49Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;ThorstenStaerk: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;'''File system quotas''' refer to how much [[disk]] space a given [[user]] is allowed to have on a given [[partition]]. Quotas are established using the &amp;lt;code&amp;gt;quota&amp;lt;/code&amp;gt; command. The purpose of quotas is to keep the users from taking up more disk space than they should properly have - for example, on a large [http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-user multi-user] system.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== QuickStart ==&lt;br /&gt;
* To set a quota you may have to - depending on your [[distribution]] - [[install]] the quota [[package]] first. To do this e.g. under SUSE Linux [[open a console]] and issue&lt;br /&gt;
 [[yast]] -i quota&lt;br /&gt;
* Now you will need to make sure the partition you want to set a quota on is mounted with quotas enabled. For example if you want to set a quota onto the / partition you must remount this with the option usrquota or grpquota. To achieve this you could add usrquota to your /etc/fstab like this:&lt;br /&gt;
 /dev/sda   /   ext4   acl,'''usrquota''',user_xattr        1 1&lt;br /&gt;
and then reboot.&lt;br /&gt;
* initialize the quota: &lt;br /&gt;
 # quotacheck -F vfsold -m -c /&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* set a quota for a user named ''john'':&lt;br /&gt;
 edquota ''john''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
You will get to a new screen where you can set the quota for that user. It will look like this:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;pre&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Disk quotas for user tstaerk (uid 1000):&lt;br /&gt;
  Filesystem                   blocks       soft       hard     inodes     soft     hard&lt;br /&gt;
  /dev/sda1                    104888          0          0       1117        0        0&lt;br /&gt;
~                                                                                               &lt;br /&gt;
~ &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/pre&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
To activate the quota use &amp;lt;pre&amp;gt;quotaon&amp;lt;/pre&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= TroubleShooting =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Has no quota enabled ==&lt;br /&gt;
 # quotaon /&lt;br /&gt;
 quotaon: Mountpoint (or device) / not found or has no quota enabled.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Cannot find //aquota.user ==&lt;br /&gt;
 # quotaon /&lt;br /&gt;
 quotaon: cannot find //aquota.user on /dev/sda1 [/]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= See also =&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://linux.die.net/man/8/edquota edquota's man page]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.debianadmin.com/implement-and-manage-disk-quotas-in-linux.html Implement and Manage Disk Quotas]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{stub}}&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>ThorstenStaerk</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wiki.linuxquestions.org/index.php?title=Quota&amp;diff=60328</id>
		<title>Quota</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wiki.linuxquestions.org/index.php?title=Quota&amp;diff=60328"/>
		<updated>2014-11-20T14:40:52Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;ThorstenStaerk: /* QuickStart */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;'''Quotas''' are pre-defined limits placed on system/network resources.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Filesystem Quotas =&lt;br /&gt;
'''File system quotas''' refer to how much [[disk]] space a given [[user]] is allowed to have on a given [[partition]]. Quotas are established using the &amp;lt;code&amp;gt;quota&amp;lt;/code&amp;gt; command. The purpose of quotas is to keep the users from taking up more disk space than they should properly have - for example, on a large, [http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-user multi-user] system.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== QuickStart ==&lt;br /&gt;
* To set a quota you may have to - depending on your [[distribution]] - [[install]] the quota [[package]] first. To do this e.g. under SUSE Linux [[open a console]] and issue&lt;br /&gt;
 [[yast]] -i quota&lt;br /&gt;
* Now you will need to make sure the partition you want to set a quota on is mounted with quotas enabled. For example if you want to set a quota onto the / partition you must remount this with the option usrquota or grpquota. To achieve this you could add usrquota to your /etc/fstab like this:&lt;br /&gt;
 /dev/sda   /   ext4   acl,'''usrquota''',user_xattr        1 1&lt;br /&gt;
and then reboot.&lt;br /&gt;
* initialize the quota: &lt;br /&gt;
 # quotacheck -F vfsold -m -c /&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* set a quota for a user named ''john'':&lt;br /&gt;
 edquota ''john''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
You will get to a new screen where you can set the quota for that user. It will look like this:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;pre&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Disk quotas for user tstaerk (uid 1000):&lt;br /&gt;
  Filesystem                   blocks       soft       hard     inodes     soft     hard&lt;br /&gt;
  /dev/sda1                    104888          0          0       1117        0        0&lt;br /&gt;
~                                                                                               &lt;br /&gt;
~ &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/pre&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
To activate the quota use &amp;lt;pre&amp;gt;quotaon&amp;lt;/pre&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= TroubleShooting =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Has no quota enabled ==&lt;br /&gt;
 # quotaon /&lt;br /&gt;
 quotaon: Mountpoint (or device) / not found or has no quota enabled.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Cannot find //aquota.user ==&lt;br /&gt;
 # quotaon /&lt;br /&gt;
 quotaon: cannot find //aquota.user on /dev/sda1 [/]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= See also =&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://linux.die.net/man/8/edquota edquota's man page]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.debianadmin.com/implement-and-manage-disk-quotas-in-linux.html Implement and Manage Disk Quotas]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{stub}}&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>ThorstenStaerk</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wiki.linuxquestions.org/index.php?title=Quota&amp;diff=60327</id>
		<title>Quota</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wiki.linuxquestions.org/index.php?title=Quota&amp;diff=60327"/>
		<updated>2014-11-20T14:36:23Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;ThorstenStaerk: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;'''Quotas''' are pre-defined limits placed on system/network resources.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Filesystem Quotas =&lt;br /&gt;
'''File system quotas''' refer to how much [[disk]] space a given [[user]] is allowed to have on a given [[partition]]. Quotas are established using the &amp;lt;code&amp;gt;quota&amp;lt;/code&amp;gt; command. The purpose of quotas is to keep the users from taking up more disk space than they should properly have - for example, on a large, [http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-user multi-user] system.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== QuickStart ==&lt;br /&gt;
* To set a quota you may have to - depending on your [[distribution]] - [[install]] the quota [[package]] first. To do this e.g. under SUSE Linux [[open a console]] and issue&lt;br /&gt;
 [[yast]] -i quota&lt;br /&gt;
* Now you will need to make sure the partition you want to set a quota on is mounted with quotas enabled. For example if you want to set a quota onto the / partition you must remount this with the option usrquota or grpquota. To achieve this you could add usrquota to your /etc/fstab like this:&lt;br /&gt;
 /dev/sda   /   ext4   acl,'''usrquota''',user_xattr        1 1&lt;br /&gt;
and then reboot.&lt;br /&gt;
* initialize the quota: &lt;br /&gt;
 # quotacheck -F vfsold -m -c /&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* set a quota for a user named ''john'':&lt;br /&gt;
 edquota ''john''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
To activate the quota use &amp;lt;pre&amp;gt;quotaon&amp;lt;/pre&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= TroubleShooting =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Has no quota enabled ==&lt;br /&gt;
 # quotaon /&lt;br /&gt;
 quotaon: Mountpoint (or device) / not found or has no quota enabled.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Cannot find //aquota.user ==&lt;br /&gt;
 # quotaon /&lt;br /&gt;
 quotaon: cannot find //aquota.user on /dev/sda1 [/]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= See also =&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://linux.die.net/man/8/edquota edquota's man page]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.debianadmin.com/implement-and-manage-disk-quotas-in-linux.html Implement and Manage Disk Quotas]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{stub}}&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>ThorstenStaerk</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wiki.linuxquestions.org/index.php?title=Quota&amp;diff=60326</id>
		<title>Quota</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wiki.linuxquestions.org/index.php?title=Quota&amp;diff=60326"/>
		<updated>2014-11-20T14:26:54Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;ThorstenStaerk: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;'''Quotas''' are pre-defined limits placed on system/network resources.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Filesystem Quotas =&lt;br /&gt;
'''File system quotas''' refer to how much [[disk]] space a given [[user]] is allowed to have on a given [[partition]]. Quotas are established using the &amp;lt;code&amp;gt;quota&amp;lt;/code&amp;gt; command. The purpose of quotas is to keep the users from taking up more disk space than they should properly have - for example, on a large, [http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-user multi-user] system.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== QuickStart ==&lt;br /&gt;
* To set a quota you may have to - depending on your [[distribution]] - [[install]] the quota [[package]] first. To do this e.g. under SUSE Linux [[open a console]] and issue&lt;br /&gt;
 [[yast]] -i quota&lt;br /&gt;
* Now you will need to make sure the partition you want to set a quota on is mounted with quotas enabled. For example if you want to set a quota onto the / partition you must remount this with the option usrquota or grpquota. To achieve this you could add usrquota to your /etc/fstab like this:&lt;br /&gt;
 /dev/sda   /   ext4   acl,'''usrquota''',user_xattr        1 1&lt;br /&gt;
and then reboot.&lt;br /&gt;
* initialize the quota: &lt;br /&gt;
 # quotacheck -F vfsold -m -c /&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Use &amp;lt;pre&amp;gt;edquota&amp;lt;/pre&amp;gt; for users and groups. To activate the quota use &amp;lt;pre&amp;gt;quotaon&amp;lt;/pre&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= TroubleShooting =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Has no quota enabled ==&lt;br /&gt;
 # quotaon /&lt;br /&gt;
 quotaon: Mountpoint (or device) / not found or has no quota enabled.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Cannot find //aquota.user ==&lt;br /&gt;
 # quotaon /&lt;br /&gt;
 quotaon: cannot find //aquota.user on /dev/sda1 [/]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= See also =&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://linux.die.net/man/8/edquota edquota's man page]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.debianadmin.com/implement-and-manage-disk-quotas-in-linux.html Implement and Manage Disk Quotas]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{stub}}&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>ThorstenStaerk</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wiki.linuxquestions.org/index.php?title=Quota&amp;diff=60325</id>
		<title>Quota</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wiki.linuxquestions.org/index.php?title=Quota&amp;diff=60325"/>
		<updated>2014-11-20T14:18:56Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;ThorstenStaerk: well I just had to find out how to do this - exactly this should be described here&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;'''Quotas''' are pre-defined limits placed on system/network resources.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Filesystem Quotas =&lt;br /&gt;
'''File system quotas''' refer to how much [[disk]] space a given [[user]] is allowed to have on a given [[partition]]. Quotas are established using the &amp;lt;code&amp;gt;quota&amp;lt;/code&amp;gt; command. The purpose of quotas is to keep the users from taking up more disk space than they should properly have - for example, on a large, [http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-user multi-user] system.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== QuickStart ==&lt;br /&gt;
* To set a quota you may have to - depending on your [[distribution]] - [[install]] the quota [[package]] first. To do this e.g. under SUSE Linux [[open a console]] and issue&lt;br /&gt;
 [[yast]] -i quota&lt;br /&gt;
* Now you will need to make sure the partition you want to set a quota on is mounted with quotas enabled. For example if you want to set a quota onto the / partition you must remount this with the option usrquota or grpquota. To achieve this you could add usrquota to your /etc/fstab like this:&lt;br /&gt;
 /dev/sda   /   ext4   acl,'''usrquota''',user_xattr        1 1&lt;br /&gt;
and then reboot.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Use &amp;lt;pre&amp;gt;edquota&amp;lt;/pre&amp;gt; for users and groups. To activate the quota use &amp;lt;pre&amp;gt;quotaon&amp;lt;/pre&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= TroubleShooting =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Has no quota enabled ==&lt;br /&gt;
 # quotaon /&lt;br /&gt;
 quotaon: Mountpoint (or device) / not found or has no quota enabled.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Cannot find //aquota.user ==&lt;br /&gt;
 # quotaon /&lt;br /&gt;
 quotaon: cannot find //aquota.user on /dev/sda1 [/]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= See also =&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://linux.die.net/man/8/edquota edquota's man page]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.debianadmin.com/implement-and-manage-disk-quotas-in-linux.html Implement and Manage Disk Quotas]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{stub}}&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>ThorstenStaerk</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wiki.linuxquestions.org/index.php?title=Talk:File_system&amp;diff=60324</id>
		<title>Talk:File system</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wiki.linuxquestions.org/index.php?title=Talk:File_system&amp;diff=60324"/>
		<updated>2014-11-20T14:17:53Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;ThorstenStaerk: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;In my opinion the really interesting info would be &lt;br /&gt;
* what is the difference between a file system like ext4 and a file system that is on your disk? In one case we are talking about a file system type, in the other case about a volume.&lt;br /&gt;
* what is the difference between a volume and a partition, and a logical volume, and a disk?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
--[[User:ThorstenStaerk|ThorstenStaerk]] ([[User talk:ThorstenStaerk|talk]]) 09:17, November 20, 2014 (EST)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
From the page:&lt;br /&gt;
Content: Linux File Systems .. which is a misnomer because Linux supports virtually all file systems. Please Fix -- I talk too much, make it look professional after the discussion has served it's purpose.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
virtually all filesystems? :) &amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Yes, it supports a lot, but there are old ones that have been dropped, e.g. ext1, future new ones like WinFS and lots more strange proprietary systems (specially on weird embedded devices and flashmem cards).&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
I think it would be best to have a page called &amp;quot;filesystems' that just explaing what a filesystem is, and a page called &amp;quot;Linux filesystems&amp;quot; that lists the ones that linux supports. [[User:Jor|Jor]] 18:13, Mar 9, 2004 (EST)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
ext2 is wrongly classified under journaling, but I do not know what other category it belongs to (nor could i find it on the web). Does extended filesystems and the ilk need their own section??? as ext2 should definitely not go under misc.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
My last point is do we need to be categorised into these sections as they are only relevant to people who have an understanding of filesystems really (except journalling section). So why not classify each filesystem in its own descriptive page. Perhaps historical categories reflecting the relationships between the filesystems???&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[User:Geniarse|Geniarse]] 07:59, Mar 10, 2004 (EST)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I have created a quick draft for [[ext2]] description, this is to serve as my proposal for each filesystems details page (more technical information needs adding, I would prefer on a seperate page but what do other people think).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
p.s this new layout is excellent, exactly what is needed in my mind.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[User:Geniarse|Geniarse]] 12:59, Mar 10, 2004 (EST)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
This page should be at &amp;quot;[[File system]]&amp;quot;. [[User:Dysprosia|Dysprosia]] 01:56, Mar 20, 2004 (EST)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Does seem to fit the pattern. But I think we have approximately 1,298,376 redirects to variations on that theme. That one seems to be open though.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[User:Digiot|Digiot]] 02:08, Mar 20, 2004 (EST)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
: The reason why I mention it is that I think I moved it there and it ended up back at this title - but it could be my rather poor memory. Moving again. :) [[User:Dysprosia|Dysprosia]] 07:42, Mar 20, 2004 (EST)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>ThorstenStaerk</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wiki.linuxquestions.org/index.php?title=Quota&amp;diff=60323</id>
		<title>Quota</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wiki.linuxquestions.org/index.php?title=Quota&amp;diff=60323"/>
		<updated>2014-11-20T14:14:43Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;ThorstenStaerk: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;'''Quotas''' are pre-defined limits placed on system/network resources.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Filesystem Quotas =&lt;br /&gt;
'''File system quotas''' refer to how much [[disk]] space a given [[user]] is allowed to have on a given [[partition]]. Quotas are established using the &amp;lt;code&amp;gt;quota&amp;lt;/code&amp;gt; command. The purpose of quotas is to keep the users from taking up more disk space than they should properly have - for example, on a large, [http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-user multi-user] system.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== QuickStart ==&lt;br /&gt;
* To set a quota you may have to - depending on your [[distribution]] - [[install]] the quota [[package]] first. To do this e.g. under SUSE Linux [[open a console]] and issue&lt;br /&gt;
 [[yast]] -i quota&lt;br /&gt;
* Now you will need to make sure the partition you want to set a quota on is mounted with quotas enabled. For example if you want to set a quota onto the / partition you must remount this with the option usrquota or grpquota. To achieve this you could add usrquota to your /etc/fstab like this:&lt;br /&gt;
 /dev/sda   /   ext4   acl,'''usrquota''',user_xattr        1 1&lt;br /&gt;
and then reboot.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* How to enable [[file system]] quotas...&lt;br /&gt;
Setting usrquota or grpquota option in &amp;lt;pre&amp;gt;/etc/fstab&amp;lt;/pre&amp;gt; when the system is mounted can make your life easier. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Use &amp;lt;pre&amp;gt;edquota&amp;lt;/pre&amp;gt; for users and groups. To activate the quota use &amp;lt;pre&amp;gt;quotaon&amp;lt;/pre&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= TroubleShooting =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Has no quota enabled ==&lt;br /&gt;
 # quotaon /&lt;br /&gt;
 quotaon: Mountpoint (or device) / not found or has no quota enabled.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Cannot find //aquota.user ==&lt;br /&gt;
 # quotaon /&lt;br /&gt;
 quotaon: cannot find //aquota.user on /dev/sda1 [/]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= See also =&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://linux.die.net/man/8/edquota edquota's man page]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.debianadmin.com/implement-and-manage-disk-quotas-in-linux.html Implement and Manage Disk Quotas]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{stub}}&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>ThorstenStaerk</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wiki.linuxquestions.org/index.php?title=Talk:Quota&amp;diff=60322</id>
		<title>Talk:Quota</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wiki.linuxquestions.org/index.php?title=Talk:Quota&amp;diff=60322"/>
		<updated>2014-11-20T14:07:06Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;ThorstenStaerk: Created page with &amp;quot;what's happening here:  # quotaon /  quotaon: Mountpoint (or device) / not found or has no quota enabled.&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;what's happening here:&lt;br /&gt;
 # quotaon /&lt;br /&gt;
 quotaon: Mountpoint (or device) / not found or has no quota enabled.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>ThorstenStaerk</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wiki.linuxquestions.org/index.php?title=Quota&amp;diff=60321</id>
		<title>Quota</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wiki.linuxquestions.org/index.php?title=Quota&amp;diff=60321"/>
		<updated>2014-11-20T14:02:49Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;ThorstenStaerk: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;'''Quotas''' are pre-defined limits placed on system/network resources.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Filesystem Quotas =&lt;br /&gt;
'''File system quotas''' refer to how much [[disk]] space a given [[user]] is allowed to have on a given [[partition]]. Quotas are established using the &amp;lt;code&amp;gt;quota&amp;lt;/code&amp;gt; command. The purpose of quotas is to keep the users from taking up more disk space than they should properly have - for example, on a large, [http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-user multi-user] system.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== QuickStart ==&lt;br /&gt;
* To set a quota you may have to - depending on your [[distribution]] - [[install]] the quota [[package]] first. To do this e.g. under SUSE Linux [[open a console]] and issue&lt;br /&gt;
 [[yast]] -i quota&lt;br /&gt;
* How to enable [[file system]] quotas...&lt;br /&gt;
Setting usrquota or grpquota option in &amp;lt;pre&amp;gt;/etc/fstab&amp;lt;/pre&amp;gt; when the system is mounted can make your life easier. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Use &amp;lt;pre&amp;gt;edquota&amp;lt;/pre&amp;gt; for users and groups. To activate the quota use &amp;lt;pre&amp;gt;quotaon&amp;lt;/pre&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= See also =&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://linux.die.net/man/8/edquota edquota's man page]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.debianadmin.com/implement-and-manage-disk-quotas-in-linux.html Implement and Manage Disk Quotas]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{stub}}&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>ThorstenStaerk</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wiki.linuxquestions.org/index.php?title=Quota&amp;diff=60320</id>
		<title>Quota</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wiki.linuxquestions.org/index.php?title=Quota&amp;diff=60320"/>
		<updated>2014-11-20T14:02:03Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;ThorstenStaerk: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;'''Quotas''' are pre-defined limits placed on system/network resources.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Filesystem Quotas ==&lt;br /&gt;
'''File system quotas''' refer to how much [[disk]] space a given [[user]] is allowed to have on a given [[partition]]. Quotas are established using the &amp;lt;code&amp;gt;quota&amp;lt;/code&amp;gt; command. The purpose of quotas is to keep the users from taking up more disk space than they should properly have - for example, on a large, [http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-user multi-user] system.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== QuickStart ===&lt;br /&gt;
* To set a quota you may have to - depending on your [[distribution]] - [[install]] the quota [[package]] first. To do this e.g. under SUSE Linux [[open a console]] and issue&lt;br /&gt;
 [[yast]] -i quota&lt;br /&gt;
* How to enable [[file system]] quotas...&lt;br /&gt;
Setting usrquota or grpquota option in &amp;lt;pre&amp;gt;/etc/fstab&amp;lt;/pre&amp;gt; when the system is mounted can make your life easier. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Use &amp;lt;pre&amp;gt;edquota&amp;lt;/pre&amp;gt; for users and groups. To activate the quota use &amp;lt;pre&amp;gt;quotaon&amp;lt;/pre&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== See also ==&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://linux.die.net/man/8/edquota edquota's man page]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.debianadmin.com/implement-and-manage-disk-quotas-in-linux.html Implement and Manage Disk Quotas]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{stub}}&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>ThorstenStaerk</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wiki.linuxquestions.org/index.php?title=Quota&amp;diff=60319</id>
		<title>Quota</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wiki.linuxquestions.org/index.php?title=Quota&amp;diff=60319"/>
		<updated>2014-11-20T13:59:37Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;ThorstenStaerk: learning for Linux certification...&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;'''Quotas''' are pre-defined limits placed on system/network resources.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Filesystem Quotas ==&lt;br /&gt;
'''File system quotas''' refer to how much [[disk]] space a given [[user]] is allowed to have on a given [[partition]]. Quotas are established using the &amp;lt;code&amp;gt;quota&amp;lt;/code&amp;gt; command. The purpose of quotas is to keep the users from taking up more disk space than they should properly have - for example, on a large, [http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-user multi-user] system.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== QuickStart ===&lt;br /&gt;
* To set a quota you may have to - depending on your [[distribution]] - [[install]] the quota [[package]] first. To do this e.g. under SUSE Linux [[open a console]] and issue&lt;br /&gt;
 [[yast]] -i quota&lt;br /&gt;
* How to enable [[file system]] quotas...&lt;br /&gt;
Setting usrquota or grpquota option in &amp;lt;pre&amp;gt;/etc/fstab&amp;lt;/pre&amp;gt; when the system is mounted can make your life easier. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Use &amp;lt;pre&amp;gt;edquota&amp;lt;/pre&amp;gt; for users and groups. To activate the quota use &amp;lt;pre&amp;gt;quotaon&amp;lt;/pre&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Bandwidth Quotas==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Tips===&lt;br /&gt;
* How to enable bandwidth quotas...&lt;br /&gt;
*[http://www.debianadmin.com/implement-and-manage-disk-quotas-in-linux.html Implement and Manage Disk Quotas]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{stub}}&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>ThorstenStaerk</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wiki.linuxquestions.org/index.php?title=Talk:Linux_Dictionary&amp;diff=59669</id>
		<title>Talk:Linux Dictionary</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wiki.linuxquestions.org/index.php?title=Talk:Linux_Dictionary&amp;diff=59669"/>
		<updated>2013-01-09T15:47:56Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;ThorstenStaerk: Created page with 'what do you want to express with this article? --~~~~'&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;what do you want to express with this article? --[[User:ThorstenStaerk|ThorstenStaerk]] 15:47, January 9, 2013 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>ThorstenStaerk</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wiki.linuxquestions.org/index.php?title=Stty&amp;diff=59439</id>
		<title>Stty</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wiki.linuxquestions.org/index.php?title=Stty&amp;diff=59439"/>
		<updated>2012-05-31T10:16:56Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;ThorstenStaerk: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;'''stty''' (short for '''s'''et '''t'''ele'''ty'''pe) is the command to set up a terminal (or terminal emulation session) such that it will fit the needs of the keyboard and attached screen. In the old days of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vt100 vt100] and and vt220 [[terminal]]s is was a necessity to use a unix machine.  &amp;lt;tt&amp;gt;stty&amp;lt;/tt&amp;gt; without options lists the current setting.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 $ stty&lt;br /&gt;
 speed 38400 baud; line = 0;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &amp;lt;tt&amp;gt;stty&amp;lt;/tt&amp;gt; command can be useful, for instance, if a remote machine does not respond to the backspace key correctly. The erase switch can correct the response.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 $ stty erase [type backspace key]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Related Commands =&lt;br /&gt;
All of these relate to the context of the current session.&lt;br /&gt;
* [[pwd]] - show the current working directory.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* [[printenv]] - show environment variables&lt;br /&gt;
* [[tty]] - identify the controlling terminal&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= See also =&lt;br /&gt;
* [[shell scripting]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/manual/html_node/stty-invocation.html stty man page]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{stub}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Command]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>ThorstenStaerk</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wiki.linuxquestions.org/index.php?title=BitTorrent&amp;diff=59438</id>
		<title>BitTorrent</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wiki.linuxquestions.org/index.php?title=BitTorrent&amp;diff=59438"/>
		<updated>2012-05-31T09:10:45Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;ThorstenStaerk: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;'''BitTorrent''' is a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer-to-peer peer to peer] file distribution system that uses [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swarmcasting swarmcasting] for its distribution which eases the network load from the original distributor. The name is a play on [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitstream Bitstream], emphasizing the speed of BitTorrent. See [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BitTorrent_%28protocol%29 wikipedia's article] for more information.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Applications that use it =&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://azureus.sourceforge.net/index.php Azureus]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ktorrent KTorrent]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.transmissionbt.net link to] [[transmission]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Deluge]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= See also =&lt;br /&gt;
* [[File_sharing_via_P2P]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://bitconjurer.org/BitTorrent/index.html Official BitTorrent page]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.bittorrent.com/introduction.html BitTorrent introduction]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://azureus.sourceforge.net/ Azureus/Vuze]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://libtorrent.rakshasa.no/ rTorrent]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Protocol]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>ThorstenStaerk</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wiki.linuxquestions.org/index.php?title=BitTorrent&amp;diff=59437</id>
		<title>BitTorrent</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wiki.linuxquestions.org/index.php?title=BitTorrent&amp;diff=59437"/>
		<updated>2012-05-31T09:09:44Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;ThorstenStaerk: use internal links&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;'''BitTorrent''' is a [[peer to peer]] file distribution system that uses [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swarmcasting swarmcasting] for its distribution which eases the network load from the original distributor. The name is a play on [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitstream Bitstream], emphasizing the speed of BitTorrent. See [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BitTorrent_%28protocol%29 wikipedia's article] for more information.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Applications that use it =&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://azureus.sourceforge.net/index.php Azureus]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ktorrent KTorrent]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.transmissionbt.net link to] [[transmission]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Deluge]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= External links =&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://bitconjurer.org/BitTorrent/index.html Official BitTorrent page]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.bittorrent.com/introduction.html BitTorrent introduction]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://azureus.sourceforge.net/ Azureus/Vuze]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://libtorrent.rakshasa.no/ rTorrent]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Protocol]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>ThorstenStaerk</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wiki.linuxquestions.org/index.php?title=Download_a_wiki&amp;diff=59329</id>
		<title>Download a wiki</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wiki.linuxquestions.org/index.php?title=Download_a_wiki&amp;diff=59329"/>
		<updated>2012-01-26T09:31:10Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;ThorstenStaerk: correcting link&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;This article describes how you download the content of a [[mediawiki]]. This makes it possible&lt;br /&gt;
* that you can read the content offline&lt;br /&gt;
* that you have a [[backup]] of your [[wiki]]&lt;br /&gt;
* that you can draw a mindmap of your wiki as [[User:ThorstenStaerk|I]] do [http://www.staerk.de/thorsten/wikimap here]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Command ==&lt;br /&gt;
Get all &amp;quot;normal&amp;quot; pages from wiki.linuxquestions.org:&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;pre&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
wget --domains=wiki.linuxquestions.org --reject=&amp;quot;*\?*&amp;quot; \&lt;br /&gt;
	-r http://wiki.linuxquestions.org/wiki/Special:Allpages&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/pre&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>ThorstenStaerk</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wiki.linuxquestions.org/index.php?title=Environment_variable&amp;diff=59326</id>
		<title>Environment variable</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wiki.linuxquestions.org/index.php?title=Environment_variable&amp;diff=59326"/>
		<updated>2012-01-23T01:26:17Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;ThorstenStaerk: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;An '''Environment variable''' is a [[variable]] used to give programs information about the environment they are running in, like which display to send output to or the [[home directory]] of the current [[user]]. For example, take the often-used variable PATH that tells the [[shell]] where to look for [[executable]]s:&lt;br /&gt;
 $ echo $PATH&lt;br /&gt;
 /sbin:/usr/sbin:/usr/local/sbin:/opt/kde3/sbin:/opt/gnome/sbin:/root/bin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/usr/X11R6/bin:/bin:/usr/games:/opt/gnome/bin:/opt/kde3/bin:/usr/lib/jvm/jre/bin:/usr/lib/mit/bin:/usr/lib/mit/sbin:/usr/NX/bin:/usr/lib/qt3/bin&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
You can list the current [[environment variable]]s in a [[console]] like this:&lt;br /&gt;
 $ [[env]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Set an environment variable =&lt;br /&gt;
You can set a variable like this:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 $ export MYVARIABLE=1000&lt;br /&gt;
 $ echo &amp;quot;I just defined $MYVARIABLE&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
 I just defined 1000&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Environment variables are not global, they are maintained separately per process. A [[process]] may change its own, but cannot affect the environment variables of other processes. When a process forks its children inherit the parent's environment variables. That means that you cannot change a variable by calling a program:&lt;br /&gt;
 $ cat &amp;gt;myscript.sh&lt;br /&gt;
 #!/bin/bash&lt;br /&gt;
 export myvar=&amp;quot;this is set&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
 echo $myvar&lt;br /&gt;
 $ [[sh]] myscript.sh&lt;br /&gt;
 this is set&lt;br /&gt;
 $ echo $myvar&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
 $            &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In order to '''set''' variables from a script, you have to '''''[[source]]''''' the script:&lt;br /&gt;
 $ [[source]] myscript.sh&lt;br /&gt;
 this is set&lt;br /&gt;
 $ echo $myvar&lt;br /&gt;
 this is set&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Note that sourcing can also be done with a dot:&lt;br /&gt;
 $ export myvar=empty&lt;br /&gt;
 $ . myscript.sh&lt;br /&gt;
 this is set&lt;br /&gt;
 $ echo $myvar&lt;br /&gt;
 this is set&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
User-specific variables are set in the $HOME/.bash_profile or $HOME/.bashrc files as these are the files that are ''sourced'' when you log in. These variables are available throughout the shell session unless you re-define them with &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There are special variables defined when you log in. e.g. $LOGNAME gets set to your login name&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
$PWD gets set each time you change the directory.&lt;br /&gt;
e.g.&lt;br /&gt;
 $ cd /home/joe/mydir&lt;br /&gt;
 $ echo $PWD&lt;br /&gt;
 /home/joe/mydir&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Process environments =&lt;br /&gt;
You can see the environment variables of every [[process]] with the [[command]]:&lt;br /&gt;
 [[cat]] /proc/''12345''/environ&lt;br /&gt;
Where ''12345'' is the process' PID.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= See also =&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Bash]] &lt;br /&gt;
* [[Scheduling Tasks]] - how to set [[alias]]es and variables at boot time etc.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>ThorstenStaerk</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wiki.linuxquestions.org/index.php?title=Ar&amp;diff=59325</id>
		<title>Ar</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wiki.linuxquestions.org/index.php?title=Ar&amp;diff=59325"/>
		<updated>2012-01-23T01:15:29Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;ThorstenStaerk: changing link from man.linuxquestions.org&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;The &amp;lt;tt&amp;gt;'''ar'''&amp;lt;/tt&amp;gt; command is an abbreviation of '''archive'''. Ar's arguments therefore assist in maintaining a group of files within an archive. Files in an [[backup|archive]] are specified using posname.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;rarr; [http://man-wiki.net/index.php/1:ar man page for Ar]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= See also =&lt;br /&gt;
* [[tar]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>ThorstenStaerk</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wiki.linuxquestions.org/index.php?title=End_User_Manual:Using_the_OpenOffice.org_suite&amp;diff=58895</id>
		<title>End User Manual:Using the OpenOffice.org suite</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wiki.linuxquestions.org/index.php?title=End_User_Manual:Using_the_OpenOffice.org_suite&amp;diff=58895"/>
		<updated>2011-08-28T09:54:42Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;ThorstenStaerk: I ask myself why someone who has obviously never used it writes &amp;quot;openoffice is fully interoperable with M$ office&amp;quot;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[OpenOffice]].org (OOo) is a complete office suite, featuring a [[word processor]] (Writer), a [[spreadsheet]] application (Calc), and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presentation_software presentation software] (Impress).  Besides these fundamental office applications OOo also includes a vector drawing tool (Draw), allows [[database]] access, allows the publishing of documents in the Portable Document Format ([[PDF]]) and presentations in the [[Flash]] ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swf SWF]) format!&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The OOo package is partly interoperable with the Microsoft Office suite.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Getting around the package == &lt;br /&gt;
As a first stop for information, it is important to know how the Help system works. To get help:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
	Help --&amp;gt; Contents&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A search function exists. Pay attention to the Options (where you can get help for the individual components in OpenOffice.org).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Setting up OpenOffice.org preferences so that it works the way you want it to is significant. The entire controls for this are available at:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
	Tools --&amp;gt; Options&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Here you can setup settings like the default measurement units, font substitution, language types and many more options. Saving a document automatically is not setup by default, so turning this feature on might be helpful: you find it at the Load/Save option, under the General sub-section.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There are three important toolbars to know:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Main toolbar – this is typically located right below the menus, and contains items like new document, save a document, exporting to PDF, copying &amp;amp; pasting, as well as access to the Navigator, Stylist, and Gallery.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Object toolbar – this is right below the main toolbar, and has access to font control, and other attributes of objects.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Function toolbar – located at the left-corner of the screen, and contains many options including quick table generation, insertion of objects, and many more.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Writer ==&lt;br /&gt;
The [[OpenOffice]] Writer is a [[word processor]] that allows easy integration of charts and pictures, as well as other OpenOffice.org-compatible documents. It can create everything from a simple letter to books, with professional layouts.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
You are now presented with the word processing portion of OpenOffice.org, and the interface is rather similar to other word processing tools available. Rather than providing guidance throughout the entire package, we will just concentrate on a few tasks at hand.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Common Operations ===&lt;br /&gt;
For operations while writing, it is common to want to select a lot of text, copy it, maybe cut it from its current location and paste it elsewhere, or even undo an action. All this is possible with the office suite, and such options are available at the Edit menu. A few common options are:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
To copy text: select the text with the mouse, then select Edit --&amp;gt; Copy. Now the selected text is kept in memory for use elsewhere.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
To paste text: find the spot where text needs to be placed, place the cursor there, and then select Edit --&amp;gt; Paste. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
To cut text: this means that the selected text will be removed from the current location and kept in memory, to be placed elsewhere. Doing this is exactly like how a copy should be performed, except selection Edit --&amp;gt; Cut instead.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
To undo an action: Select Edit --&amp;gt; Undo. It will display the command that it is undoing at the moment.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
By browsing the menu, there are also keyboard shortcuts located next to it. Once more proficient use of the package occurs, it is much quicker to use keyboard shortcuts like Control+C for Copy, and so on.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Formatting ===&lt;br /&gt;
You can format one or more characters to be bold, italic or underlined using the toolbar at the top of the screen.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Let's switch to the end of the toolbar, and notice that the options there including providing a paragraph background – which is good for highlighting a paragraph or several paragraphs of text, in colours that you choose. You can also highlight text (like you would with a highlighter and paper!), and change the font colours all with the icons there.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Those were just quick controls. To get full control, using the Format menu is ideal. Controls are more varied here.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Styles ===&lt;br /&gt;
If you write a book or a master thesis using [[OpenOffice]] you will want e.g. all your headings to look consistent. The solution to this are styles. Type F11 to pop up the ''Stylist''. Choose a style (e.g. &amp;quot;Heading 1&amp;quot;) or create your own one. By right-clicking on the style, there are options to modify the style, or create new custom ones.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
By going to the modify option, the style can be customized via many varying attributes including spacing, alignment, font, emphasis, colour and many more. Once suitable styles have been pre-defined in the document, they can be used on existing text just by selection, and double-clicking on the style name.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Spell checker ===&lt;br /&gt;
Writer has a built-in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spell_checker spell checker]. This can be accessed via:&lt;br /&gt;
;Tools --&amp;gt; Spellcheck&lt;br /&gt;
The option to auto-spellcheck means that while typing, Writer will dynamically check your spelling, and if it detects an error, it will output a red-line at the bottom of the misspelled word. Keep in mind that the spell checking is based on the current language that is in use. This can be changed via:&lt;br /&gt;
;Tools --&amp;gt; Options --&amp;gt; Language Settings --&amp;gt; Languages&lt;br /&gt;
Accessing word counts in the document is different to most other packages on a default install of OpenOffice.org (this can differ with several Linux distributions' offerings):&lt;br /&gt;
;File --&amp;gt; Properties --&amp;gt; Statistics&lt;br /&gt;
It is under the Statistics tab that the word counts and other relevant document counts are based. On certain vendor modified distributions of OpenOffice.org, going to the Tools --&amp;gt; Word Count menu will allow the Statistics dialogue box to be displayed automatically.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== AutoCorrect ===&lt;br /&gt;
The AutoCorrect/AutoFormat (Tools --&amp;gt; AutoCorrect/AutoFormat) options have replacement tables (so that CDs really are valid, and will not be changed to Cd, for instance). There are also word completion options (very useful, as the software starts thinking for you) and settings to make them more user-friendly.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Navigator ===&lt;br /&gt;
The Navigator is a yet another useful tool (get this via hitting the F5 key or clicking its icon on the main toolbar), especially when dealing with larger documents. It supports jumping to bookmarks, notes, any particular object, and even creates a table-of-contents on the fly, based on the styles that are being used!&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Tracking Changes ===&lt;br /&gt;
When you are asked to change a text from another person, you want that your changes can be distinguished from the original text. To do this, choose &lt;br /&gt;
;Edit -&amp;gt; Changes -&amp;gt; Record&lt;br /&gt;
And your changes will be in red.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Calc==&lt;br /&gt;
This is the [[spreadsheet]] component of the OpenOffice.org package, and contains many useful features, including an array of functions and plenty of charting options. It is fully interoperable with Microsoft Excel, though the function separators differ in the two packages.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
To start this, it is available via &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
	Main Menu --&amp;gt; Office --&amp;gt; OpenOffice.org Calc&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
or if you already have an existing window of OpenOffice.org open, &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
	File --&amp;gt; New --&amp;gt; Spreadsheet.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Spreadsheets contain many rows and columns, and each row and column combination is called a cell (like A1, B4, and so on). Upon inputting text into a cell, you might realize that the text is wider than the cell allows for – this can be re-sized via right-clicking the cell, and selecting the Format Cells option. There under the Alignment tab, selecting Line Break is what is required.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Formatting===&lt;br /&gt;
Like other parts of OpenOffice.org, Calc also comes with the Stylist. But let's get around to understanding the various differing formatting options available in this component of the package.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
If there is some information that you already have created, and the area should be formatted, one particular quick and easy option is to use the AutoFormats available in Calc. This is done after selecting the area then:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
	Format --&amp;gt; AutoFormat&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
These are pre-defined styles that are available in Calc, and if you have created your own particular style, you can add them into your new AutoFormats.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In the object toolbar, there is an option to set the font colour within the cell. There are also options to increase/decrease the indents within a cell, and in the image below, controls for enabling:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Currency&lt;br /&gt;
Percentage&lt;br /&gt;
Add/Remove significant decimal places&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
These are quick controls, and accessing them is as simple as clicking the icons that represent them, and automatically the cell will be formatted as stated. Not only can Borders be set easily, and cell backgrounds too, but the alignment of text within a cell can also be set. This can be either as a top aligned, centre aligned, or bottom aligned.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Now that most of the formatting options are known, it is easy to apply Styles to the spreadsheet – bring up the Stylist by hitting the F11 key, and you'll notice that cell styles (that control all elements, including formatting) and page styles can be set (the latter controlling margins, headers/footers, and borders).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Spreadsheet basics ===&lt;br /&gt;
There are a few points to note when using a [[spreadsheet]]. One of them is that calculations are performed in a left-to-right format, with algebraic ordering rules. This means it deals with brackets (“()”) first, then division (“/”), multiplication (“*”), addition (“+”) and finally subtraction (“-”).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
When applying calculations, keep in mind the range of included cells. When using a function like =SUM(), and using  the argument =SUM(A1:A4), it means it looks for the sum of the cells A1, A2, A3, and A4. These operations can also be performed on non-consecutive cells, so, =SUM(A1;A4;A7) just executes the sum of cells A1, A4 and A7. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
If you have used [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel Excel] before, it would be relatively common to use a comma (“,”) as a separator character between the parameters, however, with OpenOffice.org Calc, the separator character is a semi-colon (“;”). So for the function to validate correctly, an expression such as =IF(B3&amp;gt;0;A1-A2;A1+A2) is correct (as opposed to replacing the “;” with “,”).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Building functions===&lt;br /&gt;
To perform calculations, spreadsheet make use of functions. Common functions include =SUM() for summation, =AVERAGE() for the average value of cells, and so on. As an aid to the novice user, OpenOffice.org provides a Function AutoPilot. This is a wizard to help build formulas, and find problems with existing expressions.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Located next to the universal sum function, is the Function AutoPilot. If you click on in, a pop-up dialogue appears.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
1.In the Functions tab, you can filter viewable/accessible functions via category, and the option to choose a function is shown. Use your mouse to choose a function that you plan on using.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
2.Once the correct function is selected, and the action that it performs is agreeable (it is displayed on the right of the dialogue), select Next to move on.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
3.Now you are allowed to input numbers. Assuming the AVERAGE function was chosen, in the number 1 field (for example), there are options to either enter a function or select a range of cells.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
4.Use select a range of cells, and now a different dialogue pop's up and you can use the mouse cursor to select a range of cells. Click on OK, and you're done!&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
That is a very easy way to build a formula, which requires no pre-requisite knowledge about what formulas exist in Calc.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Sorting ===&lt;br /&gt;
A big part of dealing with [[spreadsheet]]s involves a lot of sorting and filtering of data. To sort a dataset, selecting the active cells, then clicking &lt;br /&gt;
;Data --&amp;gt; Sort &lt;br /&gt;
will bring a pop-up dialogue that has options for sorting the data based on the columns present, as well as if the data should be ascending or descending.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Charting ===&lt;br /&gt;
Converting data into information is a process usually accomplished well by creating graphs and charts – it is a lot easier to infer based on visual graphics, rather than lots of numbers. Calc provides a charting wizard that will allow this to be automated rather easily, with a lot of predefined settings.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# Select the cells that are to be charted, and then go to Insert --&amp;gt; Chart.&lt;br /&gt;
# The range is pre-selected, and certain options are provided (like where the resulting chart is); just leaving the pre-selected options will be good for the exercise. Click Next.&lt;br /&gt;
# A type of chart is to be chosen – common charts include pie chart, line graphs, or even bar graphs – it all depends on the information being represented.&lt;br /&gt;
# Select the defaults, and create a chart. (You should now see a bar chart created).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Now that a chart has been created, it is not static in the sense that it cannot be edited – you can control each and every aspect of how the chart looks. Double-click the chart, and you will now go into edit mode. Notice the toolbar by the left-hand side of your screen has changed? This is in direct response to it being in edit mode, and a lot of properties can be changed here.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There are plenty more features, like data filtering, scenario creation, and goal seek, which once you get more advanced with spreadsheet know-how, you will end up making use of.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Impress ==&lt;br /&gt;
No office suite is complete without a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presentation_software presentation] piece, and OpenOffice.org shows its colours with Impress, the presentation piece of the suite. To start it, it is available at &lt;br /&gt;
;Main Menu --&amp;gt; Office --&amp;gt; OpenOffice.org Impress &lt;br /&gt;
or if you already have an OpenOffice.org window open, it's available at &lt;br /&gt;
;File --&amp;gt; New --&amp;gt; Presentation.&lt;br /&gt;
Unlike other components of OpenOffice.org, when you start Impress, you are presented with an AutoPilot, to start creating your presentation! This gives you options to start a presentation with an empty template, or even with one of the pre-defined templates. A preview dialogue is available, and once all options are selected (and Next is clicked, to move on), you get a basic presentation. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Template Management ===&lt;br /&gt;
If a big portion of time is going to be spent giving presentations, it's very professional to have the presentation look like each other, in the form of a template (same logo position, copyright notices, etc...). Once a template is created (or downloaded from the Internet), you manage templates via the:&lt;br /&gt;
;File --&amp;gt; Template --&amp;gt; Organize&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Slide Design ===&lt;br /&gt;
A quick way to get slides done is via turning on:&lt;br /&gt;
;View --&amp;gt; Toolbars --&amp;gt; Presentation &lt;br /&gt;
This provides a pop-up menu option that allows you to insert slides, or even modify the slide layout of the current slide. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Views ===&lt;br /&gt;
There are several views in Impress, and some have over-lapping names, but with different functionality! At the top-right-hand-corner of your screen, just above the scroll bars, you'll notice five buttons that look like what you see below. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The six options for workspace views are:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# Drawing view – default, for slide design.&lt;br /&gt;
# Outline view – overlook of the presentation.&lt;br /&gt;
# Slide view – birds eye view to add, change, switch slides around.&lt;br /&gt;
# Notes view – add speaker notes.&lt;br /&gt;
# Handout view – how handouts get printed.&lt;br /&gt;
# Start slideshow – run the presentation.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
All the views can also be accessed via:&lt;br /&gt;
;View --&amp;gt; Workspace&lt;br /&gt;
It is also worthwhile to note that at the bottom-left-hand-corner of your screen, where the slide tabs are displayed, there are more views to know about. You are typically located in the Slide View (same name as above, but different functionality since it's on a different bar!)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
However, Master Views are supported and to access this view, it is the second button from the left. You can have master views of all workspace views (that is, a master view of the slide itself, notes, and handouts). The Layer view allows layering of slides (adding and removing), and layers can be non-printing or non-displayed on screen, but printing only.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Jazzing up the presentation===&lt;br /&gt;
Objects, like [[video]], [http://java.sun.com/applets Java applets], music, and even other [[graphics]] can be added (embedded) to a presentation very easily. To perform this, the following menu is useful:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
	Insert --&amp;gt; Object &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Keep in mind that OpenOffice.org will only play content provided all relevant plug-in's are installed. For sound playback, it assumes an already configured sound-card, otherwise it will not work.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Effects are another supported feature in Impress and consist of things like slide transitions, mouse-driven bullet-points, and even drawing animations. To get to the effects pop-up:&lt;br /&gt;
	&lt;br /&gt;
	Slide Show --&amp;gt; Effects&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A common effect is one where each bullet point appears upon a mouse-click. This event-driven effect is easily performed via selecting the “Appear” effect. Once that is selected, ticking the green tick (in acceptance) is necessary. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Performing slide transitions are also performed via the effects menu. However, to create animations, the menu is:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
	Slide Show --&amp;gt; Animation &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Here simple animations can be created, like a bouncing ball along a line, for instance. This is done simply via:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
1.Draw a circle (ball!).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
2.Then draw a curve, as the path the curve should travel.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
3.Select the “Move along curve” effect, and apply it (as in the figure below).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
4.Now when the presentation is run, the ball will move along the line.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Conclusion==&lt;br /&gt;
OpenOffice.org has the ability to be a very useful software package – it includes very powerful, free alternatives to satisfy average office suite requirements. As this is only scratching the surface, there are plenty more resources available out there, so please, use the available documentation to its fullest.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{TheEndUserManual}}&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>ThorstenStaerk</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wiki.linuxquestions.org/index.php?title=End_User_Manual:Using_the_OpenOffice.org_suite&amp;diff=58894</id>
		<title>End User Manual:Using the OpenOffice.org suite</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wiki.linuxquestions.org/index.php?title=End_User_Manual:Using_the_OpenOffice.org_suite&amp;diff=58894"/>
		<updated>2011-08-28T09:53:28Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;ThorstenStaerk: I ask myself who writes things like this :(&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[OpenOffice]].org (OOo) is a complete office suite, featuring a [[word processor]] (Writer), a [[spreadsheet]] application (Calc), and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presentation_software presentation software] (Impress).  Besides these fundamental office applications OOo also includes a vector drawing tool (Draw), allows [[database]] access, allows the publishing of documents in the Portable Document Format ([[PDF]]) and presentations in the [[Flash]] ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swf SWF]) format!&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The OOo package is fully interoperable with the Microsoft Office suite.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Getting around the package == &lt;br /&gt;
As a first stop for information, it is important to know how the Help system works. To get help:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
	Help --&amp;gt; Contents&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A search function exists. Pay attention to the Options (where you can get help for the individual components in OpenOffice.org).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Setting up OpenOffice.org preferences so that it works the way you want it to is significant. The entire controls for this are available at:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
	Tools --&amp;gt; Options&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Here you can setup settings like the default measurement units, font substitution, language types and many more options. Saving a document automatically is not setup by default, so turning this feature on might be helpful: you find it at the Load/Save option, under the General sub-section.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There are three important toolbars to know:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Main toolbar – this is typically located right below the menus, and contains items like new document, save a document, exporting to PDF, copying &amp;amp; pasting, as well as access to the Navigator, Stylist, and Gallery.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Object toolbar – this is right below the main toolbar, and has access to font control, and other attributes of objects.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Function toolbar – located at the left-corner of the screen, and contains many options including quick table generation, insertion of objects, and many more.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Writer ==&lt;br /&gt;
The [[OpenOffice]] Writer is a [[word processor]] that allows easy integration of charts and pictures, as well as other OpenOffice.org-compatible documents. It can create everything from a simple letter to books, with professional layouts.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
You are now presented with the word processing portion of OpenOffice.org, and the interface is rather similar to other word processing tools available. Rather than providing guidance throughout the entire package, we will just concentrate on a few tasks at hand.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Common Operations ===&lt;br /&gt;
For operations while writing, it is common to want to select a lot of text, copy it, maybe cut it from its current location and paste it elsewhere, or even undo an action. All this is possible with the office suite, and such options are available at the Edit menu. A few common options are:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
To copy text: select the text with the mouse, then select Edit --&amp;gt; Copy. Now the selected text is kept in memory for use elsewhere.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
To paste text: find the spot where text needs to be placed, place the cursor there, and then select Edit --&amp;gt; Paste. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
To cut text: this means that the selected text will be removed from the current location and kept in memory, to be placed elsewhere. Doing this is exactly like how a copy should be performed, except selection Edit --&amp;gt; Cut instead.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
To undo an action: Select Edit --&amp;gt; Undo. It will display the command that it is undoing at the moment.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
By browsing the menu, there are also keyboard shortcuts located next to it. Once more proficient use of the package occurs, it is much quicker to use keyboard shortcuts like Control+C for Copy, and so on.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Formatting ===&lt;br /&gt;
You can format one or more characters to be bold, italic or underlined using the toolbar at the top of the screen.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Let's switch to the end of the toolbar, and notice that the options there including providing a paragraph background – which is good for highlighting a paragraph or several paragraphs of text, in colours that you choose. You can also highlight text (like you would with a highlighter and paper!), and change the font colours all with the icons there.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Those were just quick controls. To get full control, using the Format menu is ideal. Controls are more varied here.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Styles ===&lt;br /&gt;
If you write a book or a master thesis using [[OpenOffice]] you will want e.g. all your headings to look consistent. The solution to this are styles. Type F11 to pop up the ''Stylist''. Choose a style (e.g. &amp;quot;Heading 1&amp;quot;) or create your own one. By right-clicking on the style, there are options to modify the style, or create new custom ones.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
By going to the modify option, the style can be customized via many varying attributes including spacing, alignment, font, emphasis, colour and many more. Once suitable styles have been pre-defined in the document, they can be used on existing text just by selection, and double-clicking on the style name.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Spell checker ===&lt;br /&gt;
Writer has a built-in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spell_checker spell checker]. This can be accessed via:&lt;br /&gt;
;Tools --&amp;gt; Spellcheck&lt;br /&gt;
The option to auto-spellcheck means that while typing, Writer will dynamically check your spelling, and if it detects an error, it will output a red-line at the bottom of the misspelled word. Keep in mind that the spell checking is based on the current language that is in use. This can be changed via:&lt;br /&gt;
;Tools --&amp;gt; Options --&amp;gt; Language Settings --&amp;gt; Languages&lt;br /&gt;
Accessing word counts in the document is different to most other packages on a default install of OpenOffice.org (this can differ with several Linux distributions' offerings):&lt;br /&gt;
;File --&amp;gt; Properties --&amp;gt; Statistics&lt;br /&gt;
It is under the Statistics tab that the word counts and other relevant document counts are based. On certain vendor modified distributions of OpenOffice.org, going to the Tools --&amp;gt; Word Count menu will allow the Statistics dialogue box to be displayed automatically.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== AutoCorrect ===&lt;br /&gt;
The AutoCorrect/AutoFormat (Tools --&amp;gt; AutoCorrect/AutoFormat) options have replacement tables (so that CDs really are valid, and will not be changed to Cd, for instance). There are also word completion options (very useful, as the software starts thinking for you) and settings to make them more user-friendly.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Navigator ===&lt;br /&gt;
The Navigator is a yet another useful tool (get this via hitting the F5 key or clicking its icon on the main toolbar), especially when dealing with larger documents. It supports jumping to bookmarks, notes, any particular object, and even creates a table-of-contents on the fly, based on the styles that are being used!&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Tracking Changes ===&lt;br /&gt;
When you are asked to change a text from another person, you want that your changes can be distinguished from the original text. To do this, choose &lt;br /&gt;
;Edit -&amp;gt; Changes -&amp;gt; Record&lt;br /&gt;
And your changes will be in red.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Calc==&lt;br /&gt;
This is the [[spreadsheet]] component of the OpenOffice.org package, and contains many useful features, including an array of functions and plenty of charting options. It is fully interoperable with Microsoft Excel, though the function separators differ in the two packages.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
To start this, it is available via &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
	Main Menu --&amp;gt; Office --&amp;gt; OpenOffice.org Calc&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
or if you already have an existing window of OpenOffice.org open, &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
	File --&amp;gt; New --&amp;gt; Spreadsheet.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Spreadsheets contain many rows and columns, and each row and column combination is called a cell (like A1, B4, and so on). Upon inputting text into a cell, you might realize that the text is wider than the cell allows for – this can be re-sized via right-clicking the cell, and selecting the Format Cells option. There under the Alignment tab, selecting Line Break is what is required.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Formatting===&lt;br /&gt;
Like other parts of OpenOffice.org, Calc also comes with the Stylist. But let's get around to understanding the various differing formatting options available in this component of the package.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
If there is some information that you already have created, and the area should be formatted, one particular quick and easy option is to use the AutoFormats available in Calc. This is done after selecting the area then:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
	Format --&amp;gt; AutoFormat&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
These are pre-defined styles that are available in Calc, and if you have created your own particular style, you can add them into your new AutoFormats.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In the object toolbar, there is an option to set the font colour within the cell. There are also options to increase/decrease the indents within a cell, and in the image below, controls for enabling:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Currency&lt;br /&gt;
Percentage&lt;br /&gt;
Add/Remove significant decimal places&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
These are quick controls, and accessing them is as simple as clicking the icons that represent them, and automatically the cell will be formatted as stated. Not only can Borders be set easily, and cell backgrounds too, but the alignment of text within a cell can also be set. This can be either as a top aligned, centre aligned, or bottom aligned.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Now that most of the formatting options are known, it is easy to apply Styles to the spreadsheet – bring up the Stylist by hitting the F11 key, and you'll notice that cell styles (that control all elements, including formatting) and page styles can be set (the latter controlling margins, headers/footers, and borders).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Spreadsheet basics ===&lt;br /&gt;
There are a few points to note when using a [[spreadsheet]]. One of them is that calculations are performed in a left-to-right format, with algebraic ordering rules. This means it deals with brackets (“()”) first, then division (“/”), multiplication (“*”), addition (“+”) and finally subtraction (“-”).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
When applying calculations, keep in mind the range of included cells. When using a function like =SUM(), and using  the argument =SUM(A1:A4), it means it looks for the sum of the cells A1, A2, A3, and A4. These operations can also be performed on non-consecutive cells, so, =SUM(A1;A4;A7) just executes the sum of cells A1, A4 and A7. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
If you have used [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel Excel] before, it would be relatively common to use a comma (“,”) as a separator character between the parameters, however, with OpenOffice.org Calc, the separator character is a semi-colon (“;”). So for the function to validate correctly, an expression such as =IF(B3&amp;gt;0;A1-A2;A1+A2) is correct (as opposed to replacing the “;” with “,”).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Building functions===&lt;br /&gt;
To perform calculations, spreadsheet make use of functions. Common functions include =SUM() for summation, =AVERAGE() for the average value of cells, and so on. As an aid to the novice user, OpenOffice.org provides a Function AutoPilot. This is a wizard to help build formulas, and find problems with existing expressions.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Located next to the universal sum function, is the Function AutoPilot. If you click on in, a pop-up dialogue appears.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
1.In the Functions tab, you can filter viewable/accessible functions via category, and the option to choose a function is shown. Use your mouse to choose a function that you plan on using.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
2.Once the correct function is selected, and the action that it performs is agreeable (it is displayed on the right of the dialogue), select Next to move on.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
3.Now you are allowed to input numbers. Assuming the AVERAGE function was chosen, in the number 1 field (for example), there are options to either enter a function or select a range of cells.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
4.Use select a range of cells, and now a different dialogue pop's up and you can use the mouse cursor to select a range of cells. Click on OK, and you're done!&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
That is a very easy way to build a formula, which requires no pre-requisite knowledge about what formulas exist in Calc.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Sorting ===&lt;br /&gt;
A big part of dealing with [[spreadsheet]]s involves a lot of sorting and filtering of data. To sort a dataset, selecting the active cells, then clicking &lt;br /&gt;
;Data --&amp;gt; Sort &lt;br /&gt;
will bring a pop-up dialogue that has options for sorting the data based on the columns present, as well as if the data should be ascending or descending.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Charting ===&lt;br /&gt;
Converting data into information is a process usually accomplished well by creating graphs and charts – it is a lot easier to infer based on visual graphics, rather than lots of numbers. Calc provides a charting wizard that will allow this to be automated rather easily, with a lot of predefined settings.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# Select the cells that are to be charted, and then go to Insert --&amp;gt; Chart.&lt;br /&gt;
# The range is pre-selected, and certain options are provided (like where the resulting chart is); just leaving the pre-selected options will be good for the exercise. Click Next.&lt;br /&gt;
# A type of chart is to be chosen – common charts include pie chart, line graphs, or even bar graphs – it all depends on the information being represented.&lt;br /&gt;
# Select the defaults, and create a chart. (You should now see a bar chart created).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Now that a chart has been created, it is not static in the sense that it cannot be edited – you can control each and every aspect of how the chart looks. Double-click the chart, and you will now go into edit mode. Notice the toolbar by the left-hand side of your screen has changed? This is in direct response to it being in edit mode, and a lot of properties can be changed here.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There are plenty more features, like data filtering, scenario creation, and goal seek, which once you get more advanced with spreadsheet know-how, you will end up making use of.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Impress ==&lt;br /&gt;
No office suite is complete without a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presentation_software presentation] piece, and OpenOffice.org shows its colours with Impress, the presentation piece of the suite. To start it, it is available at &lt;br /&gt;
;Main Menu --&amp;gt; Office --&amp;gt; OpenOffice.org Impress &lt;br /&gt;
or if you already have an OpenOffice.org window open, it's available at &lt;br /&gt;
;File --&amp;gt; New --&amp;gt; Presentation.&lt;br /&gt;
Unlike other components of OpenOffice.org, when you start Impress, you are presented with an AutoPilot, to start creating your presentation! This gives you options to start a presentation with an empty template, or even with one of the pre-defined templates. A preview dialogue is available, and once all options are selected (and Next is clicked, to move on), you get a basic presentation. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Template Management ===&lt;br /&gt;
If a big portion of time is going to be spent giving presentations, it's very professional to have the presentation look like each other, in the form of a template (same logo position, copyright notices, etc...). Once a template is created (or downloaded from the Internet), you manage templates via the:&lt;br /&gt;
;File --&amp;gt; Template --&amp;gt; Organize&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Slide Design ===&lt;br /&gt;
A quick way to get slides done is via turning on:&lt;br /&gt;
;View --&amp;gt; Toolbars --&amp;gt; Presentation &lt;br /&gt;
This provides a pop-up menu option that allows you to insert slides, or even modify the slide layout of the current slide. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Views ===&lt;br /&gt;
There are several views in Impress, and some have over-lapping names, but with different functionality! At the top-right-hand-corner of your screen, just above the scroll bars, you'll notice five buttons that look like what you see below. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The six options for workspace views are:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# Drawing view – default, for slide design.&lt;br /&gt;
# Outline view – overlook of the presentation.&lt;br /&gt;
# Slide view – birds eye view to add, change, switch slides around.&lt;br /&gt;
# Notes view – add speaker notes.&lt;br /&gt;
# Handout view – how handouts get printed.&lt;br /&gt;
# Start slideshow – run the presentation.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
All the views can also be accessed via:&lt;br /&gt;
;View --&amp;gt; Workspace&lt;br /&gt;
It is also worthwhile to note that at the bottom-left-hand-corner of your screen, where the slide tabs are displayed, there are more views to know about. You are typically located in the Slide View (same name as above, but different functionality since it's on a different bar!)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
However, Master Views are supported and to access this view, it is the second button from the left. You can have master views of all workspace views (that is, a master view of the slide itself, notes, and handouts). The Layer view allows layering of slides (adding and removing), and layers can be non-printing or non-displayed on screen, but printing only.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Jazzing up the presentation===&lt;br /&gt;
Objects, like [[video]], [http://java.sun.com/applets Java applets], music, and even other [[graphics]] can be added (embedded) to a presentation very easily. To perform this, the following menu is useful:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
	Insert --&amp;gt; Object &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Keep in mind that OpenOffice.org will only play content provided all relevant plug-in's are installed. For sound playback, it assumes an already configured sound-card, otherwise it will not work.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Effects are another supported feature in Impress and consist of things like slide transitions, mouse-driven bullet-points, and even drawing animations. To get to the effects pop-up:&lt;br /&gt;
	&lt;br /&gt;
	Slide Show --&amp;gt; Effects&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A common effect is one where each bullet point appears upon a mouse-click. This event-driven effect is easily performed via selecting the “Appear” effect. Once that is selected, ticking the green tick (in acceptance) is necessary. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Performing slide transitions are also performed via the effects menu. However, to create animations, the menu is:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
	Slide Show --&amp;gt; Animation &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Here simple animations can be created, like a bouncing ball along a line, for instance. This is done simply via:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
1.Draw a circle (ball!).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
2.Then draw a curve, as the path the curve should travel.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
3.Select the “Move along curve” effect, and apply it (as in the figure below).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
4.Now when the presentation is run, the ball will move along the line.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Conclusion==&lt;br /&gt;
OpenOffice.org has the ability to be a very useful software package – it includes very powerful, free alternatives to satisfy average office suite requirements. As this is only scratching the surface, there are plenty more resources available out there, so please, use the available documentation to its fullest.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{TheEndUserManual}}&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>ThorstenStaerk</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wiki.linuxquestions.org/index.php?title=Jargon_File&amp;diff=58885</id>
		<title>Jargon File</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wiki.linuxquestions.org/index.php?title=Jargon_File&amp;diff=58885"/>
		<updated>2011-08-26T07:53:13Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;ThorstenStaerk: the hijack of the jargon file for personal attitude has finally ended according to http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jargon_file#1990_and_later&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;The '''Jargon File''' is a dictionary of common computer lingo (the &amp;quot;jargon&amp;quot;). It is quite funny in many places, though slightly out of date in others. It is also known as The Hacker's Dictionary, or the Hacker's Jargon File. It is public domain, but the authors request attribution. The current incarnation is [http://www.cosman246.com/jargon.html here]. In addition to the glossary of hacker terms which forms the bulk of the file, there are several longer pieces in various appendices.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* [[TV Typewriters]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Magic]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[AI Koans]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Story of Mel]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= The Jargon File and this Wiki =&lt;br /&gt;
Since the Jargon File is in the public domain, entries from the Jargon File can be incorporated into this wiki at will. Keep in mind that the authors of the Jargon File request attribution. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The creators of the File assumed that the reader had some knowledge of the technical meaning of the terms. Also, the File focuses on humor rather than information. Subjects that are the basis of holy wars are explained in a provocative manner, to increase entertainment value, so it is a good idea to edit LQwiki incorporated entries with an eye towards NPOV (neutral point of view). Despite all of this, the File does serve a purpose here. It provides a starting point that LQwiki contributors can build on, which prevents us from having to reinvent the wheel. Also, the file, which was started in the elder days provides insight into the [[hacker]] culture which created Linux, and its [[history]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
If you wish to help incorporate the Jargon File into this wiki, it is advised that you concentrate on incorporating Jargon material into existing articles first, and then creating new articles from the [[Special:Wantedpages]] list. This will help to ensure that the incorporated entries are on topic.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
To add the appropriate attribution to an entry with information from the Jargon File, please include the following:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;{{Jargon File/Attribution}}&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This will produce &amp;quot;{{Jargon File/Attribution}}&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Jargon File/Attribution|Attribution template]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Objections =&lt;br /&gt;
If you want to see how little influence the jargon file really has and how easily it can be defeated (and ignored) as soon as economic success counts, read e.g. http://www.joelonsoftware.com/articles/fog0000000020.html&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= See also =&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Humor]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[History of unix]]&lt;br /&gt;
* http://www.cosman246.com/jargon.html&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>ThorstenStaerk</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wiki.linuxquestions.org/index.php?title=Bash_prompt&amp;diff=58873</id>
		<title>Bash prompt</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wiki.linuxquestions.org/index.php?title=Bash_prompt&amp;diff=58873"/>
		<updated>2011-08-10T15:23:41Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;ThorstenStaerk: man.linuxquestions.org is dead&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;This article describes how to set the [[shell prompt]] within the [[bash]] shell, and offers several alternatives.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Briefly, the [[environment variable]] '''PS1''' stores the string that is printed as the prompt, and the variable '''PROMPT_COMMAND''' stores an optional command that is executed immediately before the prompt is displayed.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== PS1 ==&lt;br /&gt;
The PS1 variable stores the command-line prompt that &amp;lt;tt&amp;gt;bash&amp;lt;/tt&amp;gt; prints.  Various backslash-codes within the PS1 string are evaluated each time the prompt is printed, allowing it to include information about the current environment, directory, username, etc.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Simple prompts ===&lt;br /&gt;
 export PS1='\u@\h:\w\$ '         # Single quotes with single backslashes&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
results in: &lt;br /&gt;
 matt@nyarlathotep:/var/home/matt$&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Colourful prompts ===&lt;br /&gt;
For a colourful bash prompt that looks like:&lt;br /&gt;
 &amp;lt;b&amp;gt;&amp;lt;font style=&amp;quot;color: #00b000;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;username@hostname/&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&amp;lt;font style=&amp;quot;color: #ff0000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;pwd&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt; &amp;lt;font style=&amp;quot;color: #0000ff&amp;quot;&amp;gt;$&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/B&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
use the following:&lt;br /&gt;
 export PS1='\[\e[32m\]\u@\h/\[\e[1;31m\]\w\[\e[1;34m\]\$\[\e[0m\] '&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Multi-line prompts===&lt;br /&gt;
Prompts may also span multiple lines, which is useful when they incorporate the current directory name (which might be very large).&lt;br /&gt;
  export PS1='\[\033[01;36m\]\w\[\033[00m\]\n\[\033[01;32m\]\u@\h\[\033[00m\]\$ '&lt;br /&gt;
results in something like:&lt;br /&gt;
  '''&amp;lt;font style=&amp;quot;color: #0000b0&amp;quot;&amp;gt;/usr/local/apache2/build/httpd-2.2.4/build&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;'''&lt;br /&gt;
  '''&amp;lt;font style=&amp;quot;color: #00b000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;matt@nyarlathotep&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;$ ''' &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In this example, the very long directory name is on a line by itself - for ease of cut-and-paste - and the username and hostname follow, ending with the traditional '''$''' for a non-root user or '''#''' for root.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== PS1 syntax ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*\d Displays the [[date]] in &amp;quot;Weekday Month Date&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
*\e [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascii ASCII] escape (See the [http://man-wiki.net/index.php/4:console_codes console_codes man page] for what you can do).&lt;br /&gt;
*\h Displays the [[hostname]] (up to the first '.').&lt;br /&gt;
*\t Displays current time in 24-hour HH:MM:SS format.&lt;br /&gt;
*\u Displays the name of your [[user]].&lt;br /&gt;
*\w Displays the name of the [[cwd|current directory]].&lt;br /&gt;
*\W Displays only the [[basename]] of the current directory.&lt;br /&gt;
*\$ Displays '$' if you're not [[root]], '#' if you are.&lt;br /&gt;
*\[ and \] Surround non-printing characters&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== PROMPT_COMMAND ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In addition, the PROMPT_COMMAND variable is run every time the shell prompt is printed.  Many use this to change the [[xterm title]] bar:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
  export PROMPT_COMMAND='echo -ne &amp;quot;\033]0;${USER}@${HOSTNAME%%.*}:${PWD/$HOME/~}\007&amp;quot;'&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Make it permanent ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
If you restart your computer, you still want the same login prompt. That means, you must set $PS1 permanentely. You must set it specifically for the bash as well as other shells like [[zsh]], [[csh]] and [[ksh]]. You have to set it for [[logIn-shells]], and for non-login-shells. You can set it for all users or for a specific user. Here are the files you will need to set it in:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| border=1&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! for login-shells&lt;br /&gt;
! for non-login-shells&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| for all users&lt;br /&gt;
| /etc/profile&lt;br /&gt;
| /etc/bashrc&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| for a specific user&lt;br /&gt;
| ~/.bash_profile&lt;br /&gt;
| ~/.bashrc&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== See also ==&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Shell prompt]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Shell]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>ThorstenStaerk</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wiki.linuxquestions.org/index.php?title=Chsh&amp;diff=58872</id>
		<title>Chsh</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wiki.linuxquestions.org/index.php?title=Chsh&amp;diff=58872"/>
		<updated>2011-08-10T15:20:21Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;ThorstenStaerk: man.linuxquestions.org is dead&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;'''chsh''' is a command to change your login [[shell]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Usage:&lt;br /&gt;
 $ chsh [''-s shell''] [''user'']&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
One important thing to keep in mind is that the full path to the shell must be listed in the file &amp;lt;tt&amp;gt;/etc/shells&amp;lt;/tt&amp;gt; in order to be recognized as valid, so you may need to become [[root]] in order to add it. Then, under either the [[user]] or root account, issue the &amp;lt;tt&amp;gt;chsh&amp;lt;/tt&amp;gt; command. (Root can change anyone's shell, but users can only change their own.)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The full path to the desired shell must be specified as in this example:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 $ chsh -s /usr/local/bin/zsh&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
You will be asked for your [[password]] after the command, in the event you left yourself logged in and walked away from your keyboard. (Though it is unusual for  *nix to protect a user from his own stupidity. &amp;lt;tt&amp;gt;rm -rf /home/user&amp;lt;/tt&amp;gt; does not require a password or even a confirmation, for instance. If it's an issue for a user to be walking away from a keyboard while logged in, some might say he simply shouldn't  do that or have some obtuse software 'protecting' him from it or otherwise annoying him when that is ''not'' an issue.)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
After &amp;lt;tt&amp;gt;chsh&amp;lt;/tt&amp;gt; finishes, you are returned to your original shell and must logout and login again (or use [[exec]] to change shells).  On your next [[login]], you will be running your new shell.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Called without arguments, &amp;lt;tt&amp;gt;chsh&amp;lt;/tt&amp;gt; presents one of the following dialogs:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 $ chsh&lt;br /&gt;
 Password: &lt;br /&gt;
 Changing the login shell for ''user''&lt;br /&gt;
 Enter the new value, or press return for the default&lt;br /&gt;
         Login Shell [''/path/to/shell'']: &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 $ chsh&lt;br /&gt;
 Changing shell for ''user''.&lt;br /&gt;
 Password:&lt;br /&gt;
 New shell [''/path/to/old/shell'']:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &amp;lt;tt&amp;gt;-l&amp;lt;/tt&amp;gt; option lists the valid shells (same as &amp;lt;tt&amp;gt;cat /etc/shells&amp;lt;/tt&amp;gt;). However, this and other options are not available on all chsh programs. The one written by Julianne Frances Haugh, for instance, has no 'l' option or any besides '-s' and the username.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
On systems where you don't have permission to use &amp;lt;tt&amp;gt;chsh&amp;lt;/tt&amp;gt;, you can place an [[exec]] command in your &amp;lt;tt&amp;gt;.profile&amp;lt;/tt&amp;gt; or &amp;lt;tt&amp;gt;.login&amp;lt;/tt&amp;gt; file to change your shell every time you log in. For instance, &amp;lt;tt&amp;gt;exec -c newsh -l&amp;lt;/tt&amp;gt; will wipe the old shell's environment and replace it with the new shell as a login shell, which neatly circumvents all the obtuse security precautions but may not be satisfying if you wish to 'really' change your shell (i.e., the 'right' way, with it registered in /etc/passwd and so on). For that you will need to deal with whatever version of chsh you have.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Last tip - don't &amp;lt;tt&amp;gt;chsh&amp;lt;/tt&amp;gt; to a restricted shell or you won't be able to change out again without root privileges.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== External links ==&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://man-wiki.net/index.php/1:chsh chsh man page]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>ThorstenStaerk</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wiki.linuxquestions.org/index.php?title=Sudo&amp;diff=58871</id>
		<title>Sudo</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wiki.linuxquestions.org/index.php?title=Sudo&amp;diff=58871"/>
		<updated>2011-08-10T15:17:33Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;ThorstenStaerk: man.linuxquestions.org is dead&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;'''sudo''' is a [[Linux]] [[command]] which provides functionality similiar to [[su]], but with two key differences:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &amp;lt;tt&amp;gt;sudo&amp;lt;/tt&amp;gt; provides finer grained control over what operations a user may perform as the substituted user. &lt;br /&gt;
* &amp;lt;tt&amp;gt;sudo&amp;lt;/tt&amp;gt; in its default configuration allows a user to authenticate himself by entering his ''own'' password, rather than the password of the substituted user. The consequence of this is that an ordinary user can be given the power to execute a certain command with [[root]] privileges without being given the root password for the entire system.&lt;br /&gt;
* &amp;lt;tt&amp;gt;sudo&amp;lt;/tt&amp;gt; allows control over what parameters may be passed to a command to be executed as another user.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Using sudo=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
If sudo is configured on a system, executing &amp;lt;tt&amp;gt;sudo -l&amp;lt;/tt&amp;gt; will prompt the user to authenticate by entering his or her password, and produce a listing of the commands the user may execute as well as how and as who they may be executed.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
To invoke a command through sudo, execute &amp;lt;tt&amp;gt;sudo [command]&amp;lt;/tt&amp;gt;. By default, the sudo will attempt to execute the command as the root user. To invoke a command through sudo as another user, execute:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 $ sudo [-u ''username''] ''command''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Once the user has entered a password, the user is said to be authenticated. Unlike the su command where a password will be prompted for at each invocation, when using sudo an authenticated user may continue executing commands through sudo that he or she has already been authenticated for, until the authentication timeout expires and the user must authenticate himself or herself again. The default authenticate timeout is usually 15 minutes.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A user may refresh the authentication timeout by executing &amp;lt;tt&amp;gt;sudo -v&amp;lt;/tt&amp;gt;, and likewise expire the authentication timeout by executing &amp;lt;tt&amp;gt;sudo -k&amp;lt;/tt&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Configuring sudo=&lt;br /&gt;
Sudo uses the configuration [[file]] /etc/sudoers. Its syntax is&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;pre&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
 &amp;lt;who is allowed&amp;gt; &amp;lt;on what host&amp;gt;=&amp;lt;to execute which command&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/pre&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
For example the following line:&lt;br /&gt;
 %training ALL=/usr/sbin/hwinfo&lt;br /&gt;
means that every member of your group ''training'' is allowed to execute /usr/sbin/hwinfo with any parameters.&lt;br /&gt;
 %wheel        ALL=(ALL)       NOPASSWD: ALL&lt;br /&gt;
will let anyone in the group 'wheel' any root-prilvilege-command without further questioning.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Warnings=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Putting [[mount]] and [[umount]] in the sudoers file could cause security issues since a user could mount filesystems that contain programs with the set[[uid]] bit.&lt;br /&gt;
* &amp;lt;code&amp;gt;sudo su -&amp;lt;/code&amp;gt; allows the sudoer to become root&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= External links =&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://man-wiki.net/index.php/8:sudo sudo man page]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>ThorstenStaerk</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wiki.linuxquestions.org/index.php?title=Bash_prompt&amp;diff=58870</id>
		<title>Bash prompt</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wiki.linuxquestions.org/index.php?title=Bash_prompt&amp;diff=58870"/>
		<updated>2011-08-10T15:16:19Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;ThorstenStaerk: /* See also */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;This article describes how to set the [[shell prompt]] within the [[bash]] shell, and offers several alternatives.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Briefly, the [[environment variable]] '''PS1''' stores the string that is printed as the prompt, and the variable '''PROMPT_COMMAND''' stores an optional command that is executed immediately before the prompt is displayed.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== PS1 ==&lt;br /&gt;
The PS1 variable stores the command-line prompt that &amp;lt;tt&amp;gt;bash&amp;lt;/tt&amp;gt; prints.  Various backslash-codes within the PS1 string are evaluated each time the prompt is printed, allowing it to include information about the current environment, directory, username, etc.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Simple prompts ===&lt;br /&gt;
 export PS1='\u@\h:\w\$ '         # Single quotes with single backslashes&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
results in: &lt;br /&gt;
 matt@nyarlathotep:/var/home/matt$&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Colourful prompts ===&lt;br /&gt;
For a colourful bash prompt that looks like:&lt;br /&gt;
 &amp;lt;b&amp;gt;&amp;lt;font style=&amp;quot;color: #00b000;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;username@hostname/&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&amp;lt;font style=&amp;quot;color: #ff0000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;pwd&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt; &amp;lt;font style=&amp;quot;color: #0000ff&amp;quot;&amp;gt;$&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/B&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
use the following:&lt;br /&gt;
 export PS1='\[\e[32m\]\u@\h/\[\e[1;31m\]\w\[\e[1;34m\]\$\[\e[0m\] '&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Multi-line prompts===&lt;br /&gt;
Prompts may also span multiple lines, which is useful when they incorporate the current directory name (which might be very large).&lt;br /&gt;
  export PS1='\[\033[01;36m\]\w\[\033[00m\]\n\[\033[01;32m\]\u@\h\[\033[00m\]\$ '&lt;br /&gt;
results in something like:&lt;br /&gt;
  '''&amp;lt;font style=&amp;quot;color: #0000b0&amp;quot;&amp;gt;/usr/local/apache2/build/httpd-2.2.4/build&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;'''&lt;br /&gt;
  '''&amp;lt;font style=&amp;quot;color: #00b000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;matt@nyarlathotep&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;$ ''' &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In this example, the very long directory name is on a line by itself - for ease of cut-and-paste - and the username and hostname follow, ending with the traditional '''$''' for a non-root user or '''#''' for root.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== PS1 syntax ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*\d Displays the [[date]] in &amp;quot;Weekday Month Date&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
*\e [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascii ASCII] escape (See the [http://man.linuxquestions.org/index.php?query=console_codes&amp;amp;section=0&amp;amp;type=2 console_codes man page] for what you can do).&lt;br /&gt;
*\h Displays the [[hostname]] (up to the first '.').&lt;br /&gt;
*\t Displays current time in 24-hour HH:MM:SS format.&lt;br /&gt;
*\u Displays the name of your [[user]].&lt;br /&gt;
*\w Displays the name of the [[cwd|current directory]].&lt;br /&gt;
*\W Displays only the [[basename]] of the current directory.&lt;br /&gt;
*\$ Displays '$' if you're not [[root]], '#' if you are.&lt;br /&gt;
*\[ and \] Surround non-printing characters&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== PROMPT_COMMAND ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In addition, the PROMPT_COMMAND variable is run every time the shell prompt is printed.  Many use this to change the [[xterm title]] bar:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
  export PROMPT_COMMAND='echo -ne &amp;quot;\033]0;${USER}@${HOSTNAME%%.*}:${PWD/$HOME/~}\007&amp;quot;'&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Make it permanent ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
If you restart your computer, you still want the same login prompt. That means, you must set $PS1 permanentely. You must set it specifically for the bash as well as other shells like [[zsh]], [[csh]] and [[ksh]]. You have to set it for [[logIn-shells]], and for non-login-shells. You can set it for all users or for a specific user. Here are the files you will need to set it in:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| border=1&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! for login-shells&lt;br /&gt;
! for non-login-shells&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| for all users&lt;br /&gt;
| /etc/profile&lt;br /&gt;
| /etc/bashrc&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| for a specific user&lt;br /&gt;
| ~/.bash_profile&lt;br /&gt;
| ~/.bashrc&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== See also ==&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Shell prompt]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Shell]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>ThorstenStaerk</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wiki.linuxquestions.org/index.php?title=Cd&amp;diff=58869</id>
		<title>Cd</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wiki.linuxquestions.org/index.php?title=Cd&amp;diff=58869"/>
		<updated>2011-08-10T15:15:32Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;ThorstenStaerk: man.linuxquestions.org is dead&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;''See also [[CD]] for compact disk''&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
'''cd''' is the [[command]] in most [[CLI|command line]] environments for moving out of the [[cwd|current directory]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;tt&amp;gt;cd&amp;lt;/tt&amp;gt; is always a [[Shells|shell]] [http://man-wiki.net/index.php/1:bash_builtins builtin] command, as changing the directory in a subshell would not have any effect. Changing the directory in a subshell has no effect on the working directory of its parent shell.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;tt&amp;gt;cd ..&amp;lt;/tt&amp;gt; will move the current path up to the parent directory. &amp;lt;tt&amp;gt;cd ~&amp;lt;/tt&amp;gt; or &amp;lt;tt&amp;gt;cd&amp;lt;/tt&amp;gt; with no arguments will move the current path to the user's home directory ($HOME). &amp;lt;tt&amp;gt;cd -&amp;lt;/tt&amp;gt; will move back to the last visited directory ($OLDPWD) before the previous &amp;lt;tt&amp;gt;cd&amp;lt;/tt&amp;gt; command.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
To view the current directory, use the [[pwd]] command.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Directories with spaces or the '#' symbol in the name can be referenced by putting quotation marks around them: &amp;lt;tt&amp;gt;cd &amp;quot;some name&amp;quot;&amp;lt;/tt&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Command]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Filehandling]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>ThorstenStaerk</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wiki.linuxquestions.org/index.php?title=Bash&amp;diff=58868</id>
		<title>Bash</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wiki.linuxquestions.org/index.php?title=Bash&amp;diff=58868"/>
		<updated>2011-08-10T15:12:53Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;ThorstenStaerk: man.linuxquestions.org is dead&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;'''bash''' (the '''b'''ourne-'''a'''gain '''sh'''ell) - is the default [[shell]] for Linux users.  It is compatible with the traditional Bourne shell ([[sh]]) in that Bourne shell scripts will work in bash, though there are some bash-specific features that will not work on older Bourne shells.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Shell initialization ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The place to put [[alias]]es and simple [[environment variable]] settings that you want every time you open a shell is in &amp;lt;tt&amp;gt;.bashrc&amp;lt;/tt&amp;gt; in your home directory.  Example &amp;lt;tt&amp;gt;.bashrc&amp;lt;/tt&amp;gt; file:&lt;br /&gt;
 if [ -f /etc/bashrc ]; then . /etc/bashrc ; fi # Load system-wide bashrc&lt;br /&gt;
 export PAGER=less&lt;br /&gt;
 alias md='mkdir'&lt;br /&gt;
 alias rd='rmdir'&lt;br /&gt;
 alias ll='ls -lh'&lt;br /&gt;
 alias la='ls -lah'&lt;br /&gt;
 alias df='df -h'&lt;br /&gt;
 alias du='du -h'&lt;br /&gt;
 alias du1='du --max-depth=1'&lt;br /&gt;
 alias ping='ping -c 5'&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Appending text to environment variables like your [[PATH]] should not be done in the &amp;lt;tt&amp;gt;.bashrc&amp;lt;/tt&amp;gt;, because it gets run often when subshells are started.  Place lines like this in your &amp;lt;tt&amp;gt;~/.bash_profile&amp;lt;/tt&amp;gt;:&lt;br /&gt;
 PATH=$HOME/bin:$PATH  # Adds to path, only in .bash_profile&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
When started as a login shell, bash first reads &amp;lt;tt&amp;gt;/etc/profile&amp;lt;/tt&amp;gt;, then the first of &amp;lt;tt&amp;gt;~/.bash_profile&amp;lt;/tt&amp;gt;, &amp;lt;tt&amp;gt;~/.bash_login&amp;lt;/tt&amp;gt;, or &amp;lt;tt&amp;gt;~/.profile&amp;lt;/tt&amp;gt; that it finds.  It doesn't automatically read the  &amp;lt;tt&amp;gt;~/.bashrc&amp;lt;/tt&amp;gt; file in login shells.  For consistency, the following line shold probably be in your &amp;lt;tt&amp;gt;.bash_profile&amp;lt;/tt&amp;gt;:&lt;br /&gt;
 if [ -f ~/.bashrc ]; then . ~/.bashrc ; fi&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== How do I ... ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Set variables ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
You can set and show a variable in the bash like this:&lt;br /&gt;
 $ myvar=&amp;quot;hello world&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
 $ echo $myvar&lt;br /&gt;
 hello world&lt;br /&gt;
You can also use the &amp;quot;export&amp;quot; [[command]]:&lt;br /&gt;
 $ export nextvar=&amp;quot;hello world&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
 $ echo $nextvar&lt;br /&gt;
 hello world&lt;br /&gt;
You can also set a variable only for one command:&lt;br /&gt;
 myvar=whatever /bin/bash&lt;br /&gt;
You can also write a file (''myfile'' in this example) and [[source]] it with the command &amp;quot;source&amp;quot;:&lt;br /&gt;
 $ [[cat]] &amp;gt;myfile&amp;lt;&amp;lt;EOF&lt;br /&gt;
 &amp;gt; variable=&amp;quot;hello world&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
 &amp;gt; EOF&lt;br /&gt;
 $ source myfile&lt;br /&gt;
 $ echo $variable&lt;br /&gt;
 hello world&lt;br /&gt;
And you can source it with the command &amp;quot;.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
 $ variable=23&lt;br /&gt;
 $ echo $variable&lt;br /&gt;
 23&lt;br /&gt;
 $ . myfile&lt;br /&gt;
 $ echo $variable&lt;br /&gt;
 hello world&lt;br /&gt;
You can '''not''' use an executable file to set the variable:&lt;br /&gt;
 $ [[chmod]] 777 myfile&lt;br /&gt;
 $ variable=23&lt;br /&gt;
 $ echo $variable&lt;br /&gt;
 23&lt;br /&gt;
 $ ./myfile&lt;br /&gt;
 $ echo $variable&lt;br /&gt;
 23&lt;br /&gt;
This is because the executable file gets its own context instance when being executed. It can only change variables within this context.&lt;br /&gt;
'''Common mistake''' is to use too many &amp;quot;$&amp;quot;s:&lt;br /&gt;
 $ $hello=$world&lt;br /&gt;
 bash: =: command not found&lt;br /&gt;
must be &lt;br /&gt;
 $ hello=$world&lt;br /&gt;
otherwise, the value stored in $hello will be the name of the variable that is assigned the value of $world.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
What is the difference between &lt;br /&gt;
 $ export first=&amp;quot;hello&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
and &lt;br /&gt;
 $ first=&amp;quot;hello&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The difference is that &amp;quot;export&amp;quot; sets an [[environment variable]] that you can show with the command &lt;br /&gt;
 env&lt;br /&gt;
And that will be available to sub-contexts, so, to programs that will be called from this shell. As an example, let's write a file ''output.sh''&lt;br /&gt;
 echo $first&lt;br /&gt;
 echo $second&lt;br /&gt;
now we set $first different from $second:&lt;br /&gt;
 $ chmod 777 output.sh&lt;br /&gt;
 $ first=hello&lt;br /&gt;
 $ export second=world&lt;br /&gt;
 $ ./output.sh&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
 world&lt;br /&gt;
You see, the (assigned) value of $first is not available to output.sh, but the (exported) value of $second is.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Bash-specific features ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== User features ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Tab filename completion]] - Type the beginning of a [[command]], variable, or [[file]], press TAB, and bash will attempt to fill in the rest.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Typing &amp;lt;Esc&amp;gt;. repeats the last argument of the previous command.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Typing &amp;lt;Esc&amp;gt;&amp;lt;BackSpace&amp;gt; backspaces a whole &amp;quot;word&amp;quot; at a time.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Readline - a [[GNU]]-created [[library]] for line-by-line text input.  It allows a searchable command history and easy editing of the current command line, among other things.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*&amp;lt;ctrl&amp;gt; + &amp;lt;r&amp;gt; invokes reverse-i-search for the [[command]] buffer (history of what you've typed). Then just type a part, any part, not necessarily from the begining, of a command you've typed in before and it'll give you the chronologically closest match&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
See [[Control keys]] for a list of control keys and which part of the system (the shell or the terminal) is responsible for it.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Language features ===&lt;br /&gt;
* The use of &amp;lt;tt&amp;gt;$( command )&amp;lt;/tt&amp;gt; for command substitution (backquotes are traditional)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Numerical for loops&lt;br /&gt;
     for (( i=0; i&amp;lt;10; i++ )) ; do echo $i ; done&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Substitution in variable expansions (not [[regex]])&lt;br /&gt;
     TEXT=&amp;quot;I like dogs.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
     echo ${TEXT/dogs/bats}   # Prints:   I like bats.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Be sure to check out the [http://www.tldp.org/LDP/abs/html Advanced Bash Scripting Guide], which has (most of) the info you need to start with bash scripting.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Custom Prompt ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Set it ====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The PS1 variable stores the command-line prompt that &amp;lt;tt&amp;gt;bash&amp;lt;/tt&amp;gt; prints.  For a colorful bash prompt that looks like:&lt;br /&gt;
 &amp;lt;b&amp;gt;&amp;lt;font style=&amp;quot;color: #00d000;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;username@hostname/&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&amp;lt;font style=&amp;quot;color: #ff0000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;pwd&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt; &amp;lt;font style=&amp;quot;color: #0000ff&amp;quot;&amp;gt;$&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/B&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
use the following:&lt;br /&gt;
 export PS1='\[\e[32m\]\u@\h/\[\e[1;31m\]\w\[\e[1;34m\]\$\[\e[0m\] '&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For one without colors:&lt;br /&gt;
 &amp;lt;B&amp;gt;username@hostname:pwd$&amp;lt;/B&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 export PS1='\u@\h:\w\$ '         # Single quotes with single backslashes&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
''For more examples and options, see [[bash prompt]].''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Make it permanent ====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
If you restart your computer, you still want the same login prompt. That means, you must set $PS1 permanentely. You must set it specifically for the bash as well as other shells like [[zsh]], [[csh]] and [[ksh]]. You have to set it for [[logIn-shells]], and for non-login-shells. You can set it for all users or for a specific user. Here are the files you will need to set it in:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| border=1&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! for login-shells&lt;br /&gt;
! for non-login-shells&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| for all users&lt;br /&gt;
| /etc/profile&lt;br /&gt;
| /etc/bashrc&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| for a specific user&lt;br /&gt;
| ~/.bash_profile&lt;br /&gt;
| ~/.bashrc&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== See also ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Programming#Scripting languages|Scripting languages section]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Bash tips]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== External links ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://man-wiki.net/index.php/1:bash bash man page] &lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.linuxcommand.org/ LinuxCommand tutorials] &lt;br /&gt;
* [http://blog.webhosting.uk.com/2007/04/08/using-bash-shell-shortcuts/ Bash Shortcuts]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www-106.ibm.com/developerworks/linux/library/l-tip-prompt/ Prompt magic] &lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.tldp.org/LDP/Bash-Beginners-Guide/html/index.html Bash Guide for Beginners] &lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.tldp.org/LDP/abs/html Advanced Bash Scripting Guide]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.cyberciti.biz/nixcraft/vivek/blogger/2006/02/how-linux-or-unix-understand-which.php  nixCraft: How Linux or UNIX Understand which program to run] &lt;br /&gt;
*: in detail: how Bash resolves a command&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Shell]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>ThorstenStaerk</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wiki.linuxquestions.org/index.php?title=Talk:Fork_off_and_die&amp;diff=58867</id>
		<title>Talk:Fork off and die</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wiki.linuxquestions.org/index.php?title=Talk:Fork_off_and_die&amp;diff=58867"/>
		<updated>2011-08-10T14:14:30Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;ThorstenStaerk: This is just a lame play on words, please delete this article.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;This is just a lame play on words, please delete this article. --[[User:ThorstenStaerk|ThorstenStaerk]] 14:14, August 10, 2011 (UTC)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I'm going to add, as soon as I test it, just to make sure:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;&amp;quot;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Note that any file descriptors held open by the forker are held open by the child, even though the child may not be using them! For instance, if a bash shell open use of a CDROM (perhaps with [[read]]), and then runs a child program, and then the parent bash shell dies, the child will still hold open the CDROM.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;&amp;quot;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[User:LionKimbro|LionKimbro]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
: This is of course a consequence of fork. Does it need to be explicitly said? [[User:Dysprosia|Dysprosia]] 20:19, Aug 12, 2004 (EDT)&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>ThorstenStaerk</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wiki.linuxquestions.org/index.php?title=SSH&amp;diff=58866</id>
		<title>SSH</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wiki.linuxquestions.org/index.php?title=SSH&amp;diff=58866"/>
		<updated>2011-08-08T13:45:44Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;ThorstenStaerk: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;'''SSH''' is short for '''S'''ecure '''Sh'''ell. It allows you to execute [[command]]s on a remote computer and much more. It uses encryption for the data transfer.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The [http://www.man-wiki.net/index.php/ssh ssh man page] gives you an overview of the capabilities of ssh, as does [[using SSH]] on this site.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* [[SSH]] is more secure than telnet thus it is recommended for use with [[Linux]] systems.&lt;br /&gt;
* In [[Red Hat]] &amp;amp; [[fedora]] these [[RPM]] [[packages]] must be [[install]]ed: openssh-[[client]]s, [[openssh]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Using SSH ==&lt;br /&gt;
Main article: [[Using ssh]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
1. Type: &lt;br /&gt;
 # ssh ''youruser''@''192.168.0.2''&lt;br /&gt;
In this case, ''192.168.0.2'' is your target's IP address, where you have a user ''youruser''. You can also use a [[hostname]], in our examples ''target'' instead of an IP address.&lt;br /&gt;
'''1st time you log in to a system a mesage will come up:'''&lt;br /&gt;
  The authenticity of host 'xxxxx' can't be established.&lt;br /&gt;
  DSA key fingerprint is ''94:68:3a:3a:bc:f3:9a:9b:01:5d:b3:07:38:e2:11:0c''.&lt;br /&gt;
  Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)?  &amp;lt;-- type in y for yes or n for no&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''If you type yes then:'''&lt;br /&gt;
  Warning: Permanently added 'xxxxxxxx' (RSA) to the list of known hosts.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
2. Now type in the password&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
3. If you don't want to log in but you want to execute a command, do this: &lt;br /&gt;
 # ssh ''youruser''@''target'' ''date''&lt;br /&gt;
This will execute the [[command]] ''[[date]]'' as user ''youruser'' on the computer ''target''.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
You can even run GUI programs with this. For example, if you wanted to run a GUI text editor like ''kate'' or a web browser like ''firefox'', try something like this:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 ssh -X username@servername firefox&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This will cause ''firefox'' to load on the remote machine, '''however the interface will be forwarded to your local machine''' giving you remote control over an encrypted ssh connection. Pretty cool, huh? ;-)  If this doesn't work out-of-box then it probably means that it is turned off in the openssh server configuration. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== TroubleShooting ====&lt;br /&gt;
If ssh does not work, you may have switched on the [[firewall]]. Make sure your target computer has port 22 open towards your computer:&lt;br /&gt;
 telnet ''target'' 22&lt;br /&gt;
 Trying 192.168.0.2...&lt;br /&gt;
 Connected to ''target''.&lt;br /&gt;
 Escape character is '^]'.&lt;br /&gt;
 SSH-2.0-OpenSSH_4.6&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== See also ====&lt;br /&gt;
* [[passWordLess LogIns]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== SSH Client Software ==&lt;br /&gt;
* [[OpenSSH]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[lsh]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[PuTTY]]&lt;br /&gt;
Some implementations for other OS:&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://sshdos.sourceforge.net SSHDOS] - client for [[MS-DOS]].&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/putty/ PuTTY] - client for console access and X-Windows forwarding on [[Windows]].&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Using_SSH#WinSCP_-_A_Windows_implementation_of_scp|WinSCP]] [http://winscp.net/] - open source SFTP and SCP client.&lt;br /&gt;
* The [[Cygwin]] UNIX environment for Windows includes OpenSSH's client and server.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Troubleshooting SSH Connections ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Get debug information ===&lt;br /&gt;
SSH clients and servers can generate a lot of debug information.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
On the server, kill [[sshd]], and then start the server in debug mode.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 $ [[killall]] sshd PID&lt;br /&gt;
 $ /usr/sbin/sshd -ddde&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Leave the window open, so you can see the output it generates.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Then on the client, run:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 $ ssh -vvv ''(target-host)''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== ssh -X does not work ===&lt;br /&gt;
If ssh -X works, but you still do not get the graphical display from your remote machine, check /etc/ssh/sshd_config. There must be a line&lt;br /&gt;
 X11Forwarding yes&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== See also ==&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Using SSH]] -- copying files, remoting, clients&lt;br /&gt;
* [[SFTP]] - secure file transfer protocol&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Scp]] - secure copy protocol&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Sshd]] - SSH daemon&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Tunneling with SSH]] Using SSH to tunnel TCP connections.&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Autossh|autossh]] SSH Tunnels that won't drop dead.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Command]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>ThorstenStaerk</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wiki.linuxquestions.org/index.php?title=SSH&amp;diff=58865</id>
		<title>SSH</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wiki.linuxquestions.org/index.php?title=SSH&amp;diff=58865"/>
		<updated>2011-08-08T13:39:46Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;ThorstenStaerk: finally I found how to list all links to man.linuxquestions.org on here&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;'''SSH''' is short for '''S'''ecure '''Sh'''ell. It allows you to execute [[command]]s on a remote computer and much more. It uses encryption for the data transfer.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The [http://www.man-wiki.net/ssh ssh man page] gives you an overview of the capabilities of ssh, as does [[using SSH]] on this site.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* [[SSH]] is more secure than telnet thus it is recommended for use with [[Linux]] systems.&lt;br /&gt;
* In [[Red Hat]] &amp;amp; [[fedora]] these [[RPM]] [[packages]] must be [[install]]ed: openssh-[[client]]s, [[openssh]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Using SSH ==&lt;br /&gt;
Main article: [[Using ssh]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
1. Type: &lt;br /&gt;
 # ssh ''youruser''@''192.168.0.2''&lt;br /&gt;
In this case, ''192.168.0.2'' is your target's IP address, where you have a user ''youruser''. You can also use a [[hostname]], in our examples ''target'' instead of an IP address.&lt;br /&gt;
'''1st time you log in to a system a mesage will come up:'''&lt;br /&gt;
  The authenticity of host 'xxxxx' can't be established.&lt;br /&gt;
  DSA key fingerprint is ''94:68:3a:3a:bc:f3:9a:9b:01:5d:b3:07:38:e2:11:0c''.&lt;br /&gt;
  Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)?  &amp;lt;-- type in y for yes or n for no&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''If you type yes then:'''&lt;br /&gt;
  Warning: Permanently added 'xxxxxxxx' (RSA) to the list of known hosts.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
2. Now type in the password&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
3. If you don't want to log in but you want to execute a command, do this: &lt;br /&gt;
 # ssh ''youruser''@''target'' ''date''&lt;br /&gt;
This will execute the [[command]] ''[[date]]'' as user ''youruser'' on the computer ''target''.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
You can even run GUI programs with this. For example, if you wanted to run a GUI text editor like ''kate'' or a web browser like ''firefox'', try something like this:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 ssh -X username@servername firefox&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This will cause ''firefox'' to load on the remote machine, '''however the interface will be forwarded to your local machine''' giving you remote control over an encrypted ssh connection. Pretty cool, huh? ;-)  If this doesn't work out-of-box then it probably means that it is turned off in the openssh server configuration. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== TroubleShooting ====&lt;br /&gt;
If ssh does not work, you may have switched on the [[firewall]]. Make sure your target computer has port 22 open towards your computer:&lt;br /&gt;
 telnet ''target'' 22&lt;br /&gt;
 Trying 192.168.0.2...&lt;br /&gt;
 Connected to ''target''.&lt;br /&gt;
 Escape character is '^]'.&lt;br /&gt;
 SSH-2.0-OpenSSH_4.6&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== See also ====&lt;br /&gt;
* [[passWordLess LogIns]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== SSH Client Software ==&lt;br /&gt;
* [[OpenSSH]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[lsh]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[PuTTY]]&lt;br /&gt;
Some implementations for other OS:&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://sshdos.sourceforge.net SSHDOS] - client for [[MS-DOS]].&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/putty/ PuTTY] - client for console access and X-Windows forwarding on [[Windows]].&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Using_SSH#WinSCP_-_A_Windows_implementation_of_scp|WinSCP]] [http://winscp.net/] - open source SFTP and SCP client.&lt;br /&gt;
* The [[Cygwin]] UNIX environment for Windows includes OpenSSH's client and server.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Troubleshooting SSH Connections ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Get debug information ===&lt;br /&gt;
SSH clients and servers can generate a lot of debug information.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
On the server, kill [[sshd]], and then start the server in debug mode.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 $ [[killall]] sshd PID&lt;br /&gt;
 $ /usr/sbin/sshd -ddde&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Leave the window open, so you can see the output it generates.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Then on the client, run:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 $ ssh -vvv ''(target-host)''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== ssh -X does not work ===&lt;br /&gt;
If ssh -X works, but you still do not get the graphical display from your remote machine, check /etc/ssh/sshd_config. There must be a line&lt;br /&gt;
 X11Forwarding yes&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== See also ==&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Using SSH]] -- copying files, remoting, clients&lt;br /&gt;
* [[SFTP]] - secure file transfer protocol&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Scp]] - secure copy protocol&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Sshd]] - SSH daemon&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Tunneling with SSH]] Using SSH to tunnel TCP connections.&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Autossh|autossh]] SSH Tunnels that won't drop dead.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Command]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>ThorstenStaerk</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wiki.linuxquestions.org/index.php?title=Iptables&amp;diff=58861</id>
		<title>Iptables</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wiki.linuxquestions.org/index.php?title=Iptables&amp;diff=58861"/>
		<updated>2011-07-30T08:47:32Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;ThorstenStaerk: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;'''Iptables''' is an administration tool for [[IPv4]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packet_filtering packet filtering] and [[NAT]]. Iptables allows one to build or setup a [[firewall]] using [[netfilter]]. Iptables is the successor of [[ipchains]] which was included in [[kernel]]s up to 2.2.x&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Most Linux-based firewalls are just iptables scripts. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GUI GUI] front-ends exist (e.g. [[Firestarter]] and [[Guarddog]]) for those users who prefer not having to learn the command line syntax.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Default policies ==&lt;br /&gt;
Iptables has three default &amp;quot;chains&amp;quot; of rules to help determine what happens with packets of information being sent to or from your computer: INPUT, FORWARD, and OUTPUT. The INPUT chain evaluates packets that are arriving at your computer from an outside source. The FORWARD chain evaluates packets that are being sent through your computer as a router. The OUTPUT chain evaluates packets that are originating from your computer and are being sent out. Each of these three chains has a default policy which will apply to packets that do not meet any of the specific rules created in the tables.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The three default policies are ACCEPT, REJECT, and DROP. The ACCEPT policy accepts packets that have not matched any rules in the chain. The REJECT policy discards the same packets and sends an icmp packet (or tcp reset packet) back to the originator to let them know what happened. The DROP policy simply discards packets without letting anyone know about it.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Firewalling ==&lt;br /&gt;
A [[firewall]] typically sets the policies for incoming packages to DROP and defines rules for exceptions. This means, everything is forbidden that is not explicitly allowed.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== SUSE example ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Confirm that the firewall is stopped&lt;br /&gt;
 rcSuSEfirewall2 status&lt;br /&gt;
 Checking the status of SuSEfirewall2                                  unused&lt;br /&gt;
Show the default policy for incoming packages&lt;br /&gt;
 iptables -L INPUT&lt;br /&gt;
 Chain INPUT (policy '''ACCEPT''')&lt;br /&gt;
 target     prot opt source               destination&lt;br /&gt;
Start the firewall&lt;br /&gt;
 rcSuSEfirewall2 start&lt;br /&gt;
 Starting Firewall Initialization (phase 2 of 2)                       done&lt;br /&gt;
Confirm that the default policy has changed&lt;br /&gt;
 iptables -L INPUT&lt;br /&gt;
 Chain INPUT (policy '''DROP''')&lt;br /&gt;
 target     prot opt source               destination&lt;br /&gt;
 ACCEPT     all  --  anywhere             anywhere&lt;br /&gt;
 ACCEPT     all  --  anywhere             anywhere            state ESTABLISHED&lt;br /&gt;
 ACCEPT     icmp --  anywhere             anywhere            state RELATED&lt;br /&gt;
 input_ext  all  --  anywhere             anywhere&lt;br /&gt;
 input_ext  all  --  anywhere             anywhere&lt;br /&gt;
 input_ext  all  --  anywhere             anywhere&lt;br /&gt;
 input_ext  all  --  anywhere             anywhere&lt;br /&gt;
 input_ext  all  --  anywhere             anywhere&lt;br /&gt;
 input_ext  all  --  anywhere             anywhere&lt;br /&gt;
 input_ext  all  --  anywhere             anywhere&lt;br /&gt;
 LOG        all  --  anywhere             anywhere            limit: avg 3/min burst 5 LOG level warning tcp-options ip-options prefix `SFW2-IN-ILL-TARGET '&lt;br /&gt;
 DROP       all  --  anywhere             anywhere&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Using stateful inspection ==&lt;br /&gt;
One of the most effective features of which you can take advantage with iptables is the stateful packet filtering technology. Iptables inspects the individual packets of information that are being sent to and from your computer and determines what broader connection each packet belongs to. For example, if you are remotely logging on to another machine via [[SSH]], the computer you are currently using and the computer to which you are trying to connect will exchange many packets of information over port 22 (the port dedicated to SSH communications). Iptables sees all of these packets as belonging to a single connection and allows you to construct firewall rules that vary depending on the state of a given connection.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Specifically, connections can be categorized as &amp;quot;new&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;established&amp;quot;, or &amp;quot;related&amp;quot;. A &amp;quot;new&amp;quot; connection involves packets that are being sent in an attempt to establish a connection. The first packet of information you send in your attempt to logon to the remote computer is received by that computer in the state &amp;quot;new&amp;quot;, because its purpose is to establish a new connection. The subsequent packets that are sent for the purpose of sustaining that [[SSH]] connection are classified as an &amp;quot;established&amp;quot; connection. Packets can also be &amp;quot;related&amp;quot; to a connection that already exists.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
If you are using a laptop or a desktop computer at home, you may want to prevent any attempt from the outside world to establish a connection with your computer (assuming that if you want a connection with another computer, you will establish it yourself). This goal can be accomplished with the following command.&lt;br /&gt;
 iptables -A INPUT -m state --state ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
You can allow all outgoing connections originating from your computer with the following command.&lt;br /&gt;
 iptables -A OUTPUT -m state --state NEW,ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Setting the default policy of the INPUT, FORWARD, and OUTPUT chains to REJECT or DROP and adding the above two lines will create a fairly useful introductory firewall for laptop computers and desktops used at home.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Allowing specific services ==&lt;br /&gt;
If the default policy of INPUT is set to REJECT or DROP and you are hosting services to which you would like other computers to have access, you will have to specifically allow such access in your firewall. For example, if you want all computers to be able to remotely logon to your computer via [[SSH]], you can use the following command.&lt;br /&gt;
 iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 22 -j ACCEPT&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
You could replace the &amp;quot;22&amp;quot; in the above command with &amp;quot;ssh&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
 iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport ssh -j ACCEPT&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
and have the same effect. If you have used the stateful packet filtering feature of allowing all NEW, ESTABLISHED, and RELATED connection within the OUTPUT chain, then you will not have to worry about adding explicit OUTPUT statements to match the above INPUT statements regarding the [[SSH]] service. If you need to specifically allow [[SSH]] output, you can do so with the following command.&lt;br /&gt;
 iptables -A OUTPUT -p tcp --sport ssh -j ACCEPT&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Logging with Iptables ==&lt;br /&gt;
Logging is accomplished with rules using the LOG and ULOG targets. These targets are considered non-terminating, which means the next rule in the list is read after the LOG rule has completed.&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Each packet that matches a LOG or ULOG rule is sent to the netfilter logging system, so logging in the filter table will produce a message for every packet in the whole communication stream, whereas logging in the nat table will only produce a message for the first packet of a stream.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== LOG Target ===&lt;br /&gt;
This target logs into the kernel log system and can be redirected by [[syslogd]] or [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syslog-ng syslog-ng]. [[dmesg]] can also be used to read the messages currently in the buffer.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
-j LOG rules can be appended with switches to add a prefix, add a log-level and to log extra data from the packets. Each LOG rule can contain options like any other type of rule to fine tune what gets logged.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Just remember to place a LOG rule before a rule which directly acts on a packet. After a packet is acted on by a rule, it usually leaves the chain hence won't get logged.&lt;br /&gt;
 iptables -t nat -I PREROUTING -i eth0 -j LOG --log-prefix &amp;quot;incoming &amp;quot; --log-level 6&lt;br /&gt;
This rule logs every new connection coming into eth0. New in the nat table means streams that have not been seen before. Notice the space after the prefix. This is to separate the prefix from the next field in the message. Make sure a prefix is added to every LOG rule rather than just some, otherwise log messages will have a different number of fields and log-watching software will produce errors.&lt;br /&gt;
 iptables -I FORWARD -i eth0 -j LOG --log-prefix &amp;quot;incoming &amp;quot; --log-level 6&lt;br /&gt;
This rule will produce messages identical to the nat rule, but for every packet in the stream. Nothing exists to distinguish between which table or rule a message is from, so the prefix rule needs to say something intelligent, rather than just 1 2 3 etc.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== ULOG Target ===&lt;br /&gt;
This target directs messages to a [Netlink] socket rather than the kernel buffer. A daemon which listens to these sockets is required in order to collect messages and pass them into a file or database. ulogd is the netfilter daemon for this. Rules must specify which of the 32 netlink groups is being monitored by ulogd. Several instances of ulogd can run at the same time, each requiring a different netlink group and destination for messages, which are specified in separate config files.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
-j ULOG rules are appended with switches to specify the netlink group, message prefix and buffer threshold.&lt;br /&gt;
 iptables -t nat -I PREROUTING -i eth0 -j ULOG --ulog-prefix incoming --ulog-nlgroup 2 --ulog-qthreshold 20&lt;br /&gt;
This rule will produce messages on netlink socket 2, and hold writing until 20 messages are stored. The prefix will be written in the same place in the message as the LOG rule, but is automatically separated from the next field so doesn't require manual spacing.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Log Rotation ===&lt;br /&gt;
The standard [[logrotate]] daemons handle copying, compressing and removing files to avoid the disk or partition becoming full and the system grinding to a halt.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For logfiles with constant data being written to them, it is recommended to use the copytruncate option with logrotate.d to minimise the interference to write cycles, and to use the delaycompress option to enable reading the rotated file with standard tools.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Be aware that some software rotates files itself, rather than using logrotate, so don't use both methods in the same directory.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== dmesg ===&lt;br /&gt;
This command is used to read the kernel message buffer, enable access changing the console reporting level and clearing the buffer.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
If the buffer is full of netfilter/iptables LOG messages, you will need to change from using LOG rules to using ULOG rules.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This impacts on several well used programs so some instructions can be found on the [[dmesg]] wiki page.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Banning individual IP addresses ==&lt;br /&gt;
Another way of preventing unwanted connections is to specifically REJECT or DROP packets from sources with whom you would prefer to have no business. You can reject packets from a specific source IP address with the following command.&lt;br /&gt;
 iptables -A INPUT -p tcp -s xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx -j REJECT --reject-with tcp-reset&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This technique will not be necessary if the default policy of INPUT is REJECT or DROP, because only packets that you specifically allow will be accepted. If the default policy of INPUT is ACCEPT, you will likely want to block traffic from specific IP addresses (or IP address ranges).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Example script ==&lt;br /&gt;
Here is an example script that will allow others access to your web service (port 80), which you would need if you are hosting a website on your computer that you would like others to see.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 #!/bin/bash&lt;br /&gt;
 # Firewall script that allows access to my web server&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
 # Location of the iptables command&lt;br /&gt;
 IPTABLES=/sbin/iptables&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
 # Flush existing firewall rules&lt;br /&gt;
 $IPTABLES --flush&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
 # Delete any extraneous chains which may exist from a previous script&lt;br /&gt;
 $IPTABLES --delete-chain&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
 # Change the default policy of all three chains to DROP&lt;br /&gt;
 $IPTABLES -P INPUT DROP&lt;br /&gt;
 $IPTABLES -P FORWARD DROP&lt;br /&gt;
 $IPTABLES -P OUTPUT DROP&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
 # Use stateful inspection feature to only allow incoming connections&lt;br /&gt;
 # related to connections I have already established myself&lt;br /&gt;
 $IPTABLES -A INPUT -m state --state ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT&lt;br /&gt;
 $IPTABLES -A OUTPUT -m state --state NEW,ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
 # Allow the world access to port 80 on my machine, the port through&lt;br /&gt;
 # which others can access my web server&lt;br /&gt;
 $IPTABLES -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 80 -j ACCEPT&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
 # Included to allow the script to exit gracefully&lt;br /&gt;
 exit 0&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
If you name this script my_firewall, then you can execute the script with the following command.&lt;br /&gt;
 sh my_firewall&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
You could even add this line to any of the scripts that are executed when your computer boots to have your firewall running the entire time your computer is up and running. This is done by performing a:&lt;br /&gt;
 iptables-save&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
You could also add this line to a [[crontab]] file to cause it to execute at fixed increments to make sure your firewall is never deactivated for given length of time.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The command prompt type the following&lt;br /&gt;
 crontab -e&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
From their you can edit the crontab file, at the end of your crontab file add the entry, below is an example of a crontab entry that will run a copy of your firewall script every hour&lt;br /&gt;
 0 * * * * sh /root/my_firewall&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Save the crontab file and you should notice that every hour your iptables configuration will be reset to any state you specified in the my_firewall file.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Iptables firewalls ==&lt;br /&gt;
* [[shorewall]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== See also ==&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Security]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Firewalls]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Manually configuring a basic netfilter/iptables firewall]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.netfilter.org/ Netfilter homepage]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.linuxguruz.com/iptables/howto/ iptables HOW TO]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://iptables-tutorial.frozentux.net/ BIG tutorial on using iptables]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.lowth.com/howto/iptables-treasures.php The Hidden Treasures of iptables]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Networking]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Command]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>ThorstenStaerk</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wiki.linuxquestions.org/index.php?title=Iptables&amp;diff=58860</id>
		<title>Iptables</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wiki.linuxquestions.org/index.php?title=Iptables&amp;diff=58860"/>
		<updated>2011-07-30T08:45:31Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;ThorstenStaerk: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;'''Iptables''' is an administration tool for [[IPv4]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packet_filtering packet filtering] and [[NAT]]. Iptables allows one to build or setup a [[firewall]] using [[netfilter]]. Iptables is the successor of [[ipchains]] which was included in [[kernel]]s up to 2.2.x&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Most Linux-based firewalls are just iptables scripts. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GUI GUI] front-ends exist (e.g. [[Firestarter]] and [[Guarddog]]) for those users who prefer not having to learn the command line syntax.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Default policies ==&lt;br /&gt;
Iptables has three default &amp;quot;chains&amp;quot; of rules to help determine what happens with packets of information being sent to or from your computer: INPUT, FORWARD, and OUTPUT. The INPUT chain evaluates packets that are arriving at your computer from an outside source. The FORWARD chain evaluates packets that are being sent through your computer as a router. The OUTPUT chain evaluates packets that are originating from your computer and are being sent out. Each of these three chains has a default policy which will apply to packets that do not meet any of the specific rules created in the tables.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The three default policies are ACCEPT, REJECT, and DROP. The ACCEPT policy accepts packets that have not matched any rules in the chain. The REJECT policy discards the same packets and sends an icmp packet (or tcp reset packet) back to the originator to let them know what happened. The DROP policy simply discards packets without letting anyone know about it.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Firewalling ==&lt;br /&gt;
A [[firewall]] typically sets the policies for incoming packages to DROP and defines rules for exceptions. This means, everything is forbidden that is not explicitly allowed.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== SUSE example ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Confirm that the firewall is stopped&lt;br /&gt;
 rcSuSEfirewall2 status&lt;br /&gt;
 Checking the status of SuSEfirewall2                                  unused&lt;br /&gt;
Show the default policy for incoming packages&lt;br /&gt;
 iptables -L INPUT&lt;br /&gt;
 Chain INPUT (policy '''ACCEPT''')&lt;br /&gt;
 target     prot opt source               destination&lt;br /&gt;
Start the firewall&lt;br /&gt;
 rcSuSEfirewall2 start&lt;br /&gt;
 Starting Firewall Initialization (phase 2 of 2)                       done&lt;br /&gt;
Confirm that the default policy has changed&lt;br /&gt;
 iptables -L INPUT&lt;br /&gt;
 Chain INPUT (policy '''DROP''')&lt;br /&gt;
 target     prot opt source               destination&lt;br /&gt;
 ACCEPT     all  --  anywhere             anywhere&lt;br /&gt;
 ACCEPT     all  --  anywhere             anywhere            state ESTABLISHED&lt;br /&gt;
 ACCEPT     icmp --  anywhere             anywhere            state RELATED&lt;br /&gt;
 input_ext  all  --  anywhere             anywhere&lt;br /&gt;
 input_ext  all  --  anywhere             anywhere&lt;br /&gt;
 input_ext  all  --  anywhere             anywhere&lt;br /&gt;
 input_ext  all  --  anywhere             anywhere&lt;br /&gt;
 input_ext  all  --  anywhere             anywhere&lt;br /&gt;
 input_ext  all  --  anywhere             anywhere&lt;br /&gt;
 input_ext  all  --  anywhere             anywhere&lt;br /&gt;
 LOG        all  --  anywhere             anywhere            limit: avg 3/min burst 5 LOG level warning tcp-options ip-options prefix `SFW2-IN-ILL-TARGET '&lt;br /&gt;
 DROP       all  --  anywhere             anywhere&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Using stateful inspection ==&lt;br /&gt;
One of the most effective features of which you can take advantage with iptables is the stateful packet filtering technology. Iptables inspects the individual packets of information that are being sent to and from your computer and determines what broader connection each packet belongs to. For example, if you are remotely logging on to another machine via [[SSH]], the computer you are currently using and the computer to which you are trying to connect will exchange many packets of information over port 22 (the port dedicated to SSH communications). Iptables sees all of these packets as belonging to a single connection and allows you to construct firewall rules that vary depending on the state of a given connection.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Specifically, connections can be categorized as &amp;quot;new&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;established&amp;quot;, or &amp;quot;related&amp;quot;. A &amp;quot;new&amp;quot; connection involves packets that are being sent in an attempt to establish a connection. The first packet of information you send in your attempt to logon to the remote computer is received by that computer in the state &amp;quot;new&amp;quot;, because its purpose is to establish a new connection. The subsequent packets that are sent for the purpose of sustaining that [[SSH]] connection are classified as an &amp;quot;established&amp;quot; connection. Packets can also be &amp;quot;related&amp;quot; to a connection that already exists.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
If you are using a laptop or a desktop computer at home, you may want to prevent any attempt from the outside world to establish a connection with your computer (assuming that if you want a connection with another computer, you will establish it yourself). This goal can be accomplished with the following command.&lt;br /&gt;
 iptables -A INPUT -m state --state ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
You can allow all outgoing connections originating from your computer with the following command.&lt;br /&gt;
 iptables -A OUTPUT -m state --state NEW,ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Setting the default policy of the INPUT, FORWARD, and OUTPUT chains to REJECT or DROP and adding the above two lines will create a fairly useful introductory firewall for laptop computers and desktops used at home.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Allowing specific services ==&lt;br /&gt;
If the default policy of INPUT is set to REJECT or DROP and you are hosting services to which you would like other computers to have access, you will have to specifically allow such access in your firewall. For example, if you want all computers to be able to remotely logon to your computer via [[SSH]], you can use the following command.&lt;br /&gt;
 iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 22 -j ACCEPT&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
You could replace the &amp;quot;22&amp;quot; in the above command with &amp;quot;ssh&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
 iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport ssh -j ACCEPT&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
and have the same effect. If you have used the stateful packet filtering feature of allowing all NEW, ESTABLISHED, and RELATED connection within the OUTPUT chain, then you will not have to worry about adding explicit OUTPUT statements to match the above INPUT statements regarding the [[SSH]] service. If you need to specifically allow [[SSH]] output, you can do so with the following command.&lt;br /&gt;
 iptables -A OUTPUT -p tcp --sport ssh -j ACCEPT&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Logging with Iptables ==&lt;br /&gt;
Logging is accomplished with rules using the LOG and ULOG targets. These targets are considered non-terminating, which means the next rule in the list is read after the LOG rule has completed.&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Each packet that matches a LOG or ULOG rule is sent to the netfilter logging system, so logging in the filter table will produce a message for every packet in the whole communication stream, whereas logging in the nat table will only produce a message for the first packet of a stream.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== LOG Target ===&lt;br /&gt;
This target logs into the kernel log system and can be redirected by [[syslogd]] or [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syslog-ng syslog-ng]. [[dmesg]] can also be used to read the messages currently in the buffer.&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
-j LOG rules can be appended with switches to add a prefix, add a log-level and to log extra data from the packets. Each LOG rule can contain options like any other type of rule to fine tune what gets logged.&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Just remember to place a LOG rule before a rule which directly acts on a packet. After a packet is acted on by a rule, it usually leaves the chain hence won't get logged.&lt;br /&gt;
 iptables -t nat -I PREROUTING -i eth0 -j LOG --log-prefix &amp;quot;incoming &amp;quot; --log-level 6&lt;br /&gt;
This rule logs every new connection coming into eth0. New in the nat table means streams that have not been seen before. Notice the space after the prefix. This is to separate the prefix from the next field in the message. Make sure a prefix is added to every LOG rule rather than just some, otherwise log messages will have a different number of fields and log-watching software will produce errors.&lt;br /&gt;
 iptables -I FORWARD -i eth0 -j LOG --log-prefix &amp;quot;incoming &amp;quot; --log-level 6&lt;br /&gt;
This rule will produce messages identical to the nat rule, but for every packet in the stream. Nothing exists to distinguish between which table or rule a message is from, so the prefix rule needs to say something intelligent, rather than just 1 2 3 etc.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== ULOG Target ===&lt;br /&gt;
This target directs messages to a [Netlink] socket rather than the kernel buffer. A daemon which listens to these sockets is required in order to collect messages and pass them into a file or database. ulogd is the netfilter daemon for this. Rules must specify which of the 32 netlink groups is being monitored by ulogd. Several instances of ulogd can run at the same time, each requiring a different netlink group and destination for messages, which are specified in separate config files.&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
-j ULOG rules are appended with switches to specify the netlink group, message prefix and buffer threshold.&lt;br /&gt;
 iptables -t nat -I PREROUTING -i eth0 -j ULOG --ulog-prefix incoming --ulog-nlgroup 2 --ulog-qthreshold 20&lt;br /&gt;
This rule will produce messages on netlink socket 2, and hold writing until 20 messages are stored. The prefix will be written in the same place in the message as the LOG rule, but is automatically separated from the next field so doesn't require manual spacing.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Log Rotation ===&lt;br /&gt;
The standard [[logrotate]] daemons handle copying, compressing and removing files to avoid the disk or partition becoming full and the system grinding to a halt. &amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
For logfiles with constant data being written to them, it is recommended to use the copytruncate option with logrotate.d to minimise the interference to write cycles, and to use the delaycompress option to enable reading the rotated file with standard tools.&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Be aware that some software rotates files itself, rather than using logrotate, so don't use both methods in the same directory.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== dmesg ===&lt;br /&gt;
This command is used to read the kernel message buffer, enable access changing the console reporting level and clearing the buffer.&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
If the buffer is full of netfilter/iptables LOG messages, you will need to change from using LOG rules to using ULOG rules.&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;This impacts on several well used programs so some instructions can be found on the [[dmesg]] wiki page.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Banning individual IP addresses ==&lt;br /&gt;
Another way of preventing unwanted connections is to specifically REJECT or DROP packets from sources with whom you would prefer to have no business. You can reject packets from a specific source IP address with the following command.&lt;br /&gt;
 iptables -A INPUT -p tcp -s xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx -j REJECT --reject-with tcp-reset&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This technique will not be necessary if the default policy of INPUT is REJECT or DROP, because only packets that you specifically allow will be accepted. If the default policy of INPUT is ACCEPT, you will likely want to block traffic from specific IP addresses (or IP address ranges).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Example script ==&lt;br /&gt;
Here is an example script that will allow others access to your web service (port 80), which you would need if you are hosting a website on your computer that you would like others to see.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 #!/bin/bash&lt;br /&gt;
 # Firewall script that allows access to my web server&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
 # Location of the iptables command&lt;br /&gt;
 IPTABLES=/sbin/iptables&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
 # Flush existing firewall rules&lt;br /&gt;
 $IPTABLES --flush&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
 # Delete any extraneous chains which may exist from a previous script&lt;br /&gt;
 $IPTABLES --delete-chain&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
 # Change the default policy of all three chains to DROP&lt;br /&gt;
 $IPTABLES -P INPUT DROP&lt;br /&gt;
 $IPTABLES -P FORWARD DROP&lt;br /&gt;
 $IPTABLES -P OUTPUT DROP&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
 # Use stateful inspection feature to only allow incoming connections&lt;br /&gt;
 # related to connections I have already established myself&lt;br /&gt;
 $IPTABLES -A INPUT -m state --state ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT&lt;br /&gt;
 $IPTABLES -A OUTPUT -m state --state NEW,ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
 # Allow the world access to port 80 on my machine, the port through&lt;br /&gt;
 # which others can access my web server&lt;br /&gt;
 $IPTABLES -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 80 -j ACCEPT&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
 # Included to allow the script to exit gracefully&lt;br /&gt;
 exit 0&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
If you name this script my_firewall, then you can execute the script with the following command.&lt;br /&gt;
 sh my_firewall&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
You could even add this line to any of the scripts that are executed when your computer boots to have your firewall running the entire time your computer is up and running. This is done by performing a:&lt;br /&gt;
 iptables-save&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
You could also add this line to a [[crontab]] file to cause it to execute at fixed increments to make sure your firewall is never deactivated for given length of time.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The command prompt type the following&lt;br /&gt;
 crontab -e&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
From their you can edit the crontab file, at the end of your crontab file add the entry, below is an example of a crontab entry that will run a copy of your firewall script every hour&lt;br /&gt;
 0 * * * * sh /root/my_firewall&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Save the crontab file and you should notice that every hour your iptables configuration will be reset to any state you specified in the my_firewall file.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== See also ==&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Security]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Firewalls]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Manually configuring a basic netfilter/iptables firewall]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Iptables firewalls ==&lt;br /&gt;
* [[shorewall]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== External links ==&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.netfilter.org/ Netfilter homepage]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.linuxguruz.com/iptables/howto/ iptables HOW TO]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://iptables-tutorial.frozentux.net/ BIG tutorial on using iptables]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.lowth.com/howto/iptables-treasures.php The Hidden Treasures of iptables]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Networking]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Command]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>ThorstenStaerk</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wiki.linuxquestions.org/index.php?title=Debian_Live&amp;diff=58840</id>
		<title>Debian Live</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wiki.linuxquestions.org/index.php?title=Debian_Live&amp;diff=58840"/>
		<updated>2011-07-14T14:56:16Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;ThorstenStaerk: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;The Debian Live system is a Debian live distro. It runs from media (such as a CDROM or a USB-stick) or over a network. Debian Live uses only official packages from the Debian repository - the &amp;quot;main&amp;quot; section (and possibly the &amp;quot;contrib&amp;quot; section). The &amp;quot;non-free&amp;quot; section is not used at all for the live system. What this means is that not all the software available to Debian users is provided in the live distro. You must install Debian on your hard drive if you want to have access to all the software available.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Debian Live project does not change any packages. This means that it is the only live distro to be 100% Debian.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Creating the Debian Live CD =&lt;br /&gt;
There is a NewbieDOC HOWTO at http://newbiedoc.berlios.de/wiki/How_to_try_out_Debian_GNU/Linux_without_installing_it .&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>ThorstenStaerk</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wiki.linuxquestions.org/index.php?title=Afterstep&amp;diff=58838</id>
		<title>Afterstep</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wiki.linuxquestions.org/index.php?title=Afterstep&amp;diff=58838"/>
		<updated>2011-07-13T05:58:59Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;ThorstenStaerk: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;'''Afterstep''' is a [[window manager]] for the [[X window system]]. It is modeled on the NeXTSTEP user interface, with such extensions as the &amp;quot;Wharf&amp;quot; to simulate the sort of behaviour in the Dock under NeXTSTEP.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Features of AfterStep include low usage of resources and configurability.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= External links =&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.afterstep.org/ Official AfterStep website]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{msg:stub}}&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>ThorstenStaerk</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wiki.linuxquestions.org/index.php?title=DatABase&amp;diff=58837</id>
		<title>DatABase</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wiki.linuxquestions.org/index.php?title=DatABase&amp;diff=58837"/>
		<updated>2011-07-13T05:58:09Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;ThorstenStaerk: Redirected page to Database&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;#REDIRECT [[Database]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>ThorstenStaerk</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wiki.linuxquestions.org/index.php?title=Talk:Clear&amp;diff=58836</id>
		<title>Talk:Clear</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wiki.linuxquestions.org/index.php?title=Talk:Clear&amp;diff=58836"/>
		<updated>2011-07-12T03:04:12Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;ThorstenStaerk: Created page with 'Could you please make clear what assumptions the author has when he writes this? For example that you are on a text-mode console? &amp;quot;The screen is cleared&amp;quot; is not true for every un…'&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Could you please make clear what assumptions the author has when he writes this? For example that you are on a text-mode console? &amp;quot;The screen is cleared&amp;quot; is not true for every understanding of the word &amp;quot;screen&amp;quot;. For 99% of the readers, e.g. me, this is plain wrong. --[[User:ThorstenStaerk|ThorstenStaerk]] 03:04, July 12, 2011 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>ThorstenStaerk</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wiki.linuxquestions.org/index.php?title=DataBase&amp;diff=58835</id>
		<title>DataBase</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wiki.linuxquestions.org/index.php?title=DataBase&amp;diff=58835"/>
		<updated>2011-07-12T02:52:20Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;ThorstenStaerk: Redirected page to Database&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;#REDIRECT [[Database]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>ThorstenStaerk</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wiki.linuxquestions.org/index.php?title=User_talk:Digiot&amp;diff=58834</id>
		<title>User talk:Digiot</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wiki.linuxquestions.org/index.php?title=User_talk:Digiot&amp;diff=58834"/>
		<updated>2011-07-11T06:41:39Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;ThorstenStaerk: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Okay, I think I understand what these pages are for now. [[User_talk:aaa|aaa]]'s got some nice rules but I only ask for &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;----&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt; dividers and maybe a &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;~~~~&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;. I'd appreciate any advice, opinions, corrections, feedback.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[User:Digiot|Digiot]] 03:40, Feb 25, 2004 (EST)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Horizontal dividers and Tildes should be sufficient to create readable Talk pages. (nice Unix history)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[User:Skyline|Skyline]] 11:50, Feb 25, 2004 (EST)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Thanks. :) &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[User:Digiot|Digiot]] 20:57, Feb 25, 2004 (EST)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Could you please delete [[Pi in C]] so [[PiC]] can be moved there in its place? Thanks [[User:Dysprosia|Dysprosia]] 17:43, Mar 19, 2004 (EST)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I don't know that it really matters which direction a redirect points. But since its two links against one, I guess it might as well be unanimous.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[User:Digiot|Digiot]] 18:20, Mar 19, 2004 (EST)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
: Thanks for that. It's generally a matter of what looks better, and consistency - for example, &amp;quot;GoodCProgrammingPractice&amp;quot; or &amp;quot;Good C programming practice&amp;quot;... [[User:Dysprosia|Dysprosia]] 19:33, Mar 19, 2004 (EST)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:: I don't understand why people like the first one - I have seen other wikis where this is the norm and to me it looks BizarreAndTotallyUnreadable. [[User:LordK|LordK]] 15:01, Apr 5, 2004 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
woah... &lt;br /&gt;
if external hyperlinks are not represented as such.. there is something wrong...&lt;br /&gt;
this wiki has no navigation structure...  we need to keep an unobtrusive method of doing so.. i.e. compact, yet descriptive.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
We really need back links but that doesn't look like it's going to happen...&lt;br /&gt;
: We do have back links, click on &amp;quot;What links here&amp;quot;. --[[User:ThorstenStaerk|ThorstenStaerk]] 19:20, August 14, 2009 (UTC)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
If your following the Manual Of Style.. then I can't deal with this wiki, it's worthless to me... because of navigation issues&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
dude, you say you're ammeture with some computing stuff in your user page...&lt;br /&gt;
I've been doing wiki's intensly for about 2 years now... we need to have external links shown as such--&amp;gt; full URLs&amp;lt;BR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
we are wasting a lot of time doing otherwise&amp;lt;BR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
External hyperlinks are represented with remarkable clarity by labelling them 'External links' as per the MoS. The site has a navigation structure of a topical main page and naturally included links, preferably in the main body of the article where actual ''content'' is presented and, failing that, in the 'See also' section - again, as per the MoS.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I'm sorry we don't meet your needs. Yes, strangely enough, we do follow the MoS that was worked on by several people and checked out with the community at large prior to adoption. It is still a work in progress. Perhaps one day it will suit you.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[User:Digiot|Digiot]] 05:47, Mar 24, 2004 (EST)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Nowhere did I say I was new to computing. I suspect I got my first computer before you were born but that's neither here nor there. My computing experience or lack thereof has nothing to do with the fact that I was charged by the owner of this site to help maintain it and I'm ''trying'' to do that and to help you out at '''this''' Wiki.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[User:Digiot|Digiot]] 05:51, Mar 24, 2004 (EST)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Amateur. Yes. Amateur does not mean 'new' - it means I do not administer Linux for pay. I do not participate at this site for pay. I do it because I love Linux. Could you please add comments rather than editing them into that single post?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[User:Digiot|Digiot]] 05:55, Mar 24, 2004 (EST)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The power of the wiki comes from our ability to fix errors...  If ya'll wanted a forum, just grab a forum software suite.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The history of the errors is built into the wiki.  It stores diffs. If you want to see what I said in haste, go ahead and view the diff... I know that you can see that, so I tagged a little: &amp;quot;I'm sorry&amp;quot; to my note.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(yes, I make mistakes, and many of them are agrevating, but I like to go fix them)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Note, there is nothing that says you are an administrator on this site from what I've seen... I believe you when you say that you are...   but note, the &amp;quot;owner&amp;quot; of the wiki has placed the responsibility of maintaining the wiki to us all.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
: Well, I guess I'd be the &amp;quot;owner&amp;quot; you speak of.  While the power of wiki clear is in the ability for all to contribute, we need to have some sort of a standard format to keeps things readable and useful.  Note that you do not neccessarily have to enter info into the wiki in the MoS format, but it *will* get changed into that format by someone.  [[User:Jeremy|Jeremy]] 11:56, Mar 24, 2004 (EST)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I'm sticking to my guns about when to use fully formed links, and when not to.&lt;br /&gt;
note, it's not worth my time to go back continually and fix pages that get broken, neither is it for you.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Thank you for backing down temporarily on the midi page, we can resume this more civily, and I have other wiki's to work on if you don't want me here.  I just know that empty pages well linked to eachother offer way more information to users than  full articles with no navigation&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Just so you don't think I'm trying to deceive you: [[LQWiki:Administrators]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I understand that regarding diffs, but Talk pages are a bit different from article pages. (We ''do'' already have forum software - [http://www.linuxquestions.org/questions/index.php?s= LQ].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It's not at all that you're not wanted here. As I say, it's just a different manner of suggesting changes might be helpful. We want all the contributions we can get. It's not a question of whether this formatting or that formatting is right - yours may well be the better option. But until such time as explicitly stated policies (and we have so few that this not restrictive) are explicitly changed, it's best not to go trying to force those changes. That's my main point.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[User:Digiot|Digiot]] 06:30, Mar 24, 2004 (EST)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
wow, you sure protected that markup page fast... but it is asking for fixes! geez.. at least make a clone of all of these protected pages that are editable, and choose from the changes that you like...   it looks like you are blocking all changes.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;but note, the &amp;quot;owner&amp;quot; of the wiki has placed the responsibility of maintaining the wiki to us all.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I forgot to comment on this while trying to find links. Your absolutely right and that's an excellent point. But it's all of us ''together'' - in discussion rather than conflict. :)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As far as the protection, that was only a temporary move. At that point I wasn't sure where things were going. ;) I agree it's not a casual or helpful thing to do in general.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[User:Digiot|Digiot]] 06:34, Mar 24, 2004 (EST)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
509 332 7697 (WA USA)  alpeterson@wsu.edu, (IM: incinerated@yahoo.com ICQ 2302806, aaron_pet@hotmail.com )&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I need to go to bed, or move along with other projects, feel free to contact me over IM&lt;br /&gt;
--AaronPeterson&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Oh. Okay. I was going to say I'd unprotected the page and was just going to ask that if you see missing things feel free to add them but if you see things you want to explicitly ''change'' - in other words, a principle's already been expressed and you want something different - just please post your suggestions on the Talk page or to the mailing list to get a feel for how everybody else feels before making the change.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Take it easy. I'm going to be heading out, too. :)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[User:Digiot|Digiot]] 06:40, Mar 24, 2004 (EST)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
When you redirected Books you effectively deleted the content that was there!&lt;br /&gt;
can those books be added to the list?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Forking is not bad!!! having similar names is a way to fork!!!  If you would have just said See Instead: Linux Books  I would have been totally happy...  this is an example of nuking a page... even though it didnt' hurt anything!&lt;br /&gt;
[[User:AaronPeterson|AaronPeterson]] 22:39, Mar 29, 2004 (EST)&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
That might be true if there had been any content to delete.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
While 'plunging forward' and leaving 'stub pages' is encouraged to an extent, you have to understand that people will be coming here for knowledge. If they click on nothing but a dozen stubs in a row they're going to be rightly annoyed. Similarly, duplication of effort is not good. They don't want to read 16 pages of almost identical content and most of us don't want to write it.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
And you can't be carving out your own little kingdom of Aaronland in the continent of LQWiki, Aaron. There is just one LQWiki and we all have to work together on a single collaborative work made up of divergent views. But the point is for those views to converge ultimately in the best Wiki we can make. Not to make a truly 80s Unix-like split of redundancy and incompatibility.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It sounds like you want your own web page rather than a Wiki, but you'll have to do that on your own time and with your own resources and not use this Wiki as a free webhost. Again, this isn't to say you're not welcome and not welcome to express your own opinions. But, as I've said several times, you need to build a consensus behind those opinions, not willfully enact them on your own.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I'm about to go on an editing binge. It is not personal. It is not any 'wiki war'. It is just enacting principles that were established before you got here and which the community has yet to see fit to change and that you've been told about repeatedly.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[User:Digiot|Digiot]] 05:01, Mar 30, 2004 (EST)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
We are obiously on line at the same time right now, irc.freenode.net @linuxquestions, we'll make a private chat, I'm MrDarkUser (or some variant there of) or call me 509 332 7697, or IM me, My contact info should be up on this page somewhere, and it's on the list.  It's not right to be flaming without actually talking... call me and do a callerid block if you don't trust me,  or I'll freakin buy you a phone card and you can use a pay phone.&lt;br /&gt;
: This excludes everyone else from the conversation.  That's why we have the mailing list.  [[User:Jeremy|Jeremy]] 13:53, Apr 7, 2004 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
See the Sysop mailing list for were we're up to  ;) - Sky&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[User:Skyline|Skyline]] 12:00, Apr 25, 2004 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
==Community Commons==&lt;br /&gt;
I've set up a prototype &amp;quot;Community Commons&amp;quot; page that you might want to check out. [[LQWiki:Community Commons]] I'll eventually send an email to the mailing list about it, but it'll be at least Monday before I do. I guess that gives me time to repent ;-) I also made a prototype Village Pump-style Forum: [[LQWiki:Forums]] [[User:Crazyeddie|Crazyeddie]] 01:45, Jun 19, 2004 (EDT)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:Interesting stuff. It may well generate some extra work and it somewhat overlaps some other areas of the site, but I can see how it would be useful. Kind of a mix. I left some more comments on the talk page of the Commons page. --[[User:Digiot|Digiot]] 19:56, Jun 19, 2004 (EDT)&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>ThorstenStaerk</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wiki.linuxquestions.org/index.php?title=Linux_media_documentation&amp;diff=58833</id>
		<title>Linux media documentation</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wiki.linuxquestions.org/index.php?title=Linux_media_documentation&amp;diff=58833"/>
		<updated>2011-07-11T06:40:44Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;ThorstenStaerk: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;The following are links to useful and/or interesting multimedia documentation.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Recommended Videos ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*http://www.thebroken.org&lt;br /&gt;
**thebroken claims to be a bit shady, but it all has legitimate [[security]] purposes, and is very well produced.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Mozilla]] presentation and training videos[http://www.mozilla.org/catalog/intro/videos/]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== See also ==&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Documentation]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
''This article is a [[LQWiki:stub_articles|stub]] and needs to be finished. [[LQWiki:plunging_forward|Plunge forward]] and [[LQWiki:How_to_edit_a_page|help it grow]]!''&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>ThorstenStaerk</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wiki.linuxquestions.org/index.php?title=In_the_beginning_was_the_command_line&amp;diff=58832</id>
		<title>In the beginning was the command line</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wiki.linuxquestions.org/index.php?title=In_the_beginning_was_the_command_line&amp;diff=58832"/>
		<updated>2011-07-11T06:38:35Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;ThorstenStaerk: /* See also */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;'''''In the Beginning was the Command Line''''' has been perceived by many as an excellent essay about the history of computing. Written in 1999 by [[hacker]] novelist Neal Stephenson, it's still seen as relevant today, and many would say it should be read by everyone with an interest or involvement in computers.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The orignal essay was written as [http://slashdot.org/ slashdot] post, and was later expanded by Stephenson into a small commercial book.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= See also =&lt;br /&gt;
* [[command line]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[history]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.spack.org/wiki/InTheBeginningWasTheCommandLine The original slashdot essay of &amp;quot;In the beginning was the command line&amp;quot; ''(I think?)'']&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.cryptonomicon.com/beginning.html The expanded version]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>ThorstenStaerk</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wiki.linuxquestions.org/index.php?title=Documentation&amp;diff=58831</id>
		<title>Documentation</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wiki.linuxquestions.org/index.php?title=Documentation&amp;diff=58831"/>
		<updated>2011-07-11T06:38:19Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;ThorstenStaerk: /* See also */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;'''Documentation''' is any document that provides information about the configuring, running, [[troubleshooting]], fixing or general using an [[application]] or piece of [[hardware]]. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Look for GNU/Linux documentation:&lt;br /&gt;
* in [[man pages]] via the &amp;lt;tt&amp;gt;[[man]]&amp;lt;/tt&amp;gt; [[command]]&lt;br /&gt;
* at the given project's web page, in their documentation area&lt;br /&gt;
* in [[Howto]] documents -- howto's are easily obtainable from [http://www.tldp.org/ The Linux Documentation Project] or by googling ([http://www.google.com Google]) for them.&lt;br /&gt;
* using the &amp;lt;tt&amp;gt;[[info]]&amp;lt;/tt&amp;gt; command (to view the [[texinfo]] manual, if there is one)&lt;br /&gt;
* here at the LinuxQuestions.org Wiki&lt;br /&gt;
* by searching relevant [[newsgroup]]s' and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mailing_list mailing lists'] archives&lt;br /&gt;
* by searching the LinuxQuestions.org[http://www.linuxquestions.org/questions/index.php?s=] forum archives[http://www.linuxquestions.org/questions/archive/]&lt;br /&gt;
* on your own system in &amp;lt;tt&amp;gt;/usr/share/doc&amp;lt;/tt&amp;gt; and elsewhere&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
When writing your own documentation, please keep the 3 C's in mind:&lt;br /&gt;
* Make it Correct,&lt;br /&gt;
* Concise, and&lt;br /&gt;
* Complete.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Of course, keeping your docs up to date and also understandable by your intended victims^h^h^h^h^h^h^h users goes without saying. :)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= See also =&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Commands]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[HowTos]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[TroubleShooting]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Tips and Tricks]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Linux media documentation]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= External links =&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://tldp.org/ The Linux Documentation Project]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://rute.2038bug.com/index.html.gz Rute User's Tutorial and Exposition]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www-128.ibm.com/developerworks/linux IBM Developerworks]&lt;br /&gt;
*:A lot of stuff to check, even in the Unix section.&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.howtoforge.com/taxonomy_menu/1/1/ www.howtoforge.com]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.oreilly.com/openbook/ Open Books]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.debianadmin.com/ www.debianadmin.org]&lt;br /&gt;
*:Very good articles. Active.&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Wikibooks:Computing_department en.wikibooks.org]&lt;br /&gt;
*:Should be watched closely. Example, some books for the Newbies :&lt;br /&gt;
*:* [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Linux_For_Newbies Linux_For_Newbies]&lt;br /&gt;
*:* [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Knowing_Knoppix Knowing_Knoppix]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.yolinux.com/TUTORIALS/ Yolinux's tutorials]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.lowfatlinux.com/linux-drbob.html Doctor Bob's low fat Linux]&lt;br /&gt;
*:An ordered resource of lessons to learn Linux basics, the Unix way.&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.tuxfiles.org/linuxhelp/ tuxfiles -- Linux help]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.foogazi.com/2006/11/24/20-must-read-howtos-and-guides-for-linux/ 20 Must Read HOWTOs and Guides for Linux]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>ThorstenStaerk</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wiki.linuxquestions.org/index.php?title=Getting_help_from_IRC&amp;diff=58830</id>
		<title>Getting help from IRC</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wiki.linuxquestions.org/index.php?title=Getting_help_from_IRC&amp;diff=58830"/>
		<updated>2011-07-11T06:38:03Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;ThorstenStaerk: /* See also */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Most major [[Linux]] distributions will have a user-supported ''channel'' on the [[IRC]] network FreeNode (formerly OpenProjects). In order to connect to an IRC network you will need an [[IRC Client]].&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
Here are some of the channels for some of the more major distributions (in alphabetical order):&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* [[SUSE]] - #suse&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Ubuntu]] - #ubuntu&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Debian]] - #debian&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Fedora]] - #fedora&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Gentoo]] - #gentoo&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Mandrake]] - #mandrake&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Slackware]] - #slackware&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There are also Linux channels grouped by things other than distributions:&lt;br /&gt;
* General linux - #Linuxhelp , #linux&lt;br /&gt;
* Programming/scripting - #Bash , #C, #perl&lt;br /&gt;
* Nationalities - #Linux.es (spanish), #Linux.no (norwegian), #Linux.se, etc. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Note that most channels only allow English, with the exception of the language specific channels which might not allow English at all.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For help getting started with IRC, see [[Using IRC]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
-----&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Increasing your chances of getting help ===&lt;br /&gt;
The success rate of which you get help on IRC varies greatly, and depends on a number of things. Here are some tips, roughly sorted in order of importance:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# Try [http://www.google.com google] first. Search both Web and Groups. 80% of the questions people ask can be found immediately by google, and people might treat you unkindly, to say the least, if you didn't even make an effort to find out for yourself.&lt;br /&gt;
# Make it convenient for people to help. Saying &amp;quot;Can anyone help me?&amp;quot; turns people off, because they know they'll spend several minutes asking pointless followups like &amp;quot;With what?&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;What about it?&amp;quot;. Instead, ask specific questions like &amp;quot;How can I give my ethernet card a specific address when I boot, instead of using DHCP, in Gentoo 1.4?&amp;quot; which will allow people to answer in a single line.&lt;br /&gt;
# Be patient. If you have less than an hour to spare, don't bother. Stay on a channel for atleast half an hour after you ask something, even if no one seems to be talking. Never repeat a question twice in under three minutes, and never repeating anything that hasn't scrolled well off the screen yet. If you in addition rephrase your question each time you ask, people won't grow tired of you. &lt;br /&gt;
# Don't say it's urgent (even if it is) or that you're in a hurry (which you shouldn't be, see above). People might choose to ignore you out of spite or to teach you a lesson about how they take the time to help you, but you don't take the time to be helped.&lt;br /&gt;
# Ask before you send private messages to people. And once you get permission, don't assume the other person is only talking to you. Don't say &amp;quot;you there?&amp;quot; after half a minute of inactivity, wait atleast five minutes before assuming he's dead.&lt;br /&gt;
# Don't expect people to teach you things. Help on IRC is like help from a college professor; unless your questions are very specific, you'll just get a reference to things to read. And do read what you're suggested; if people don't imply otherwise, they're sure your answer is in there.&lt;br /&gt;
# Be sure to thank whoever helps you. If you can, also stay on the channel for a while after you've gotten your answers. &amp;quot;Wham-bam-thank you ma'am&amp;quot; makes people wonder if helping others is worth it. And who knows, maybe someone will ask a question you can answer?&lt;br /&gt;
# If you do something stupid, and people spell it out to you in big colorful terms, don't take it personally. If you indicate that you've learnt from your mistakes, they're likely to finish up sooner. &lt;br /&gt;
# If someone offers to help you if you'll meet them alone in a deserted park late at night, be sure to bring your computer and appropriate cables.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= See also =&lt;br /&gt;
* [[documentation]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>ThorstenStaerk</name></author>
	</entry>
</feed>