LQWiki - User contributions [en]

Bacula

2008-02-18T16:02:41Z

Trickykid: Major cleanup from horrible looking page that existed.

==Overview==

'''Bacula''' is a set of computer programs that permit you (or the system administrator) to manage backup, recovery, and verification of computer data across a network of computers of different kinds.

==About==

Bacula is a scalable backup solution with a modular design. It can run on one system or many systems on a network as it has 3 core components, Director, Storage and Client. In basic terms, it is a Client/Server based backup program. Bacula makes administration easy to backup and restore lost or corrupted files on any given system. It supports tape drives, autochangers and disk based backups along with a catalog driven by a backend database, which can be MySQL, PostgreSQL or SQLite.

Bacula however is not a full fledged disaster recovery program. It backs up data, stores it with the retention policy you give it and can recover files in case of corruption, lost or deleted, etc. With careful planning though, any disaster recovery plan can be implemented with Bacula.

==License==
Bacula is mostly released under the GPL v2 License. Some parts contributed are also under the BSD License. Check their [http://bacula.org/en/dev-manual/Bacula_Copyri_Tradem_Licens.html Bacula License] page for more details. This also covers their Trademark details on the name '''Bacula'''.

==Requirements==

Bacula has been proven to run on Linux, BSD and Solaris systems. It also has support for Windows clients.

Bacula requires the following:

* GNU C++ version 2.95 or higher
* MySQL 4.1
* PostgreSQL 7.4
* SQLite 2.8.16 or SQLite 3
* POSIX compatible for porting

If you want to enable DVD writing for backups, you'll need the [http://fy.chalmers.se/~appro/linux/DVD+RW/ dvd+rw-tools] package. Also Bacula now has a GUI program for administration for those that desire such things called BAT (Bacula Administration Tool). QT4 and KDE are required.

==Current Files==

You can get the latest release of Bacula which includes the source packages, RPM's and other binary compatible packages at [http://sourceforge.net/project/showfiles.php?group_id=50727 Sourceforge.net].

==Links==

*[http://www.bacula.org/ Project homepage] (''www.bacula.org'')

*[http://bacula.org/en/dev-manual/Brief_Tutorial.html Brief Tutorial] (''www.bacula.org'')

*[http://bacula.org/en/rel-manual/index.html HTML Manual] (''www.bacula.org'')

Apache

2005-10-19T05:13:29Z

Trickykid: /* Slackware 9.x */

'''Apache''' is the common name for an [[open source]] [[web server]] used on Linux systems, written by the [[Apache Foundation]]. Since the Apache Foundation has produced a lot of projects, the web server is more correctly known as the "Apache web server" or [[httpd]].

The Apache web server is one of the most popular web servers in current use (powering 69% of web sites according to a recent Netcraft survey).

== General Setup ==

Apache can be fairly easy to setup and administer. The [http://httpd.apache.org official Apache httpd website] has many resources and documentation.

If you will only be hosting one site with Apache, setup is particularly simple. In /etc/httpd/httpd.conf (or its equivalent, depending on distribution):
* set the ServerName directive to your servername (which should be resolvable via DNS)
* disable UserDir unless you want users to publish their own websites in their home directories
* place your website in the Document Root (varies by distribution; see below).
* run '''apachectl start'''
Test in any [[browser]].

Setting up an apache server with mod_perl, php, mysql and ssl support can be a little bit more difficult. There is an excellent howto on the subject at http://lamps.efactory.de/e-index.shtml

== Distribution-Specific Setup ==

Most distributions will already have a standard Apache setup configured in their base system.

=== Slackware 9.x/10.x ===

To have Apache start automatically when you boot your system:

* Make sure the apache-1.3.29 package is installed (or newer version)
* Make /etc/rc.d/rc.httpd executable (chmod 755 /etc/rc.d/rc.httpd)

The default document root is /var/www/htdocs. Also, the userdir module is loaded by default, allowing users of your system to place their websites in ~/public_html. This is accessible as http://localhost/~username/. Main settings can be changed in /etc/apache/httpd.conf.

===Fedora Core 1===
* login as [[root]]: '''[[su]] -''' (the dash allows your '''/sbin''' dir to be in $PATH)
* run: '''service httpd start''' (this starts apache)
* run: '''chkconfig httpd on''' (this sets apache to start in your current [[init]])
* run: '''redhat-config-securitylevel'''
** configure your [[firewall]] to allow WWW (HTTP) requests
* Place your index files in '''/var/www/html'''
** the default page is generally '''index.html'''
Settings can be changed in '''/etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf'''

Red Hat's graphical configuration tool ('''redhat-config-httpd''' or "Start" > System Settings > Server Settings > HTTP) provices a graphical, easy-to-use interface for configuring Apache.

===SuSE 9.0===

In SuSE, the Document root is /srv/www/htdocs. If you chose to install Apache via YaST, UserDir is enabled, so users can put websites in ~/public_html as in the Debian example above. By the way, Webmin has trouble finding the Server Root (/srv/www) and Document Root in SuSE, so you will have to tell it where to look the first time you set up Apache in Webmin.

===SuSE 9.1===

To start apache2 on SuSE 9.1 I used /etc/init.d/apache2 start, since the apache_ctl command seems to be missing after installing the rpms.

=== Arch Linux ===

[[Arch Linux]] uses Apache 2.0.

* Make sure the apache package is installed (<tt>pacman -Sy apache</tt>)
* Add httpd to the list of daemons in <tt>/etc/rc.conf</tt>
* Optionally start Apache now using <tt>/etc/rc.d/httpd start</tt>

The userdir module described above is loaded by default. The document root is <tt>/home/httpd/html/</tt>. The main config files are located at <tt>/etc/httpd/conf/</tt>.

==See also==
*[[Securing Apache]]

==External links==
* [http://www.apache.org Apache.org] - Official website
* [http://www.webmin.com Webmin] - A graphical configuration tool for Apache.
* [http://www.nabble.com/Apache-f90.html Apache Forum] - A large unofficial Apache forum hosted by [http://www.nabble.com Nabble] currently archiving all the Apache projects' mailing lists for cross search and browsing.

Linux software equivalent to Windows software

2005-10-19T05:12:10Z

Trickykid: /* Server */

In migrating to Linux from Windows, a common question is "Where can I get a program for Linux that is similar to XYZ program on Windows?" Fear not! Listed below are programs that could be considered roughly equivalent to certain popular Windows applications.

== Networking ==

{|
! Windows apps !! Linux apps
|-
| Microsoft Internet Explorer, Netscape, Opera, etc. ||
[[Epiphany]],
[[Firefox]],
[[Galeon]],
[[Konqueror]],
[[Lynx]],
[[Mozilla]],
[[Nautilus]],
[[Netscape]],
[[Opera]]
|-
| Outlook Express, Outlook, Pegasus, Lotus Notes ||
[[Kontact]],
[[Evolution]],
[[Thunderbird]],
[[Sylpheed-Claws]]
|-
| ICQ, MSN Messenger, AIM (AOL Instant Messenger), Trillian ||
[[aMSN]],
[[Gaim]],
[[Kopete]],
[[KICQ]],
[[Gabber]],
[[Centericq]]
|-
| Microsoft Netmeeting ||
[[Gnomemeeting]]
|-
| WS FTP, Bullet Proof FTP, CuteFTP ||
[[Kasablanca]],
[[GFTP]],
[[KBear]],
[[FireFTP]]
[[Konqueror]]
|-
| mIRC ||
[[KVIrc]],
[[XChat]],
[[BitchX]]
|}

== Multimedia ==

{|
! Windows apps !! Linux apps
|-
| Adobe Photoshop ||
[[GIMP]]
|-
| Irfanview ||
[[Gqview|GQView]],[[Xnview]] plays animated .gifs
|-
| 3D Studio MAX ||
[[Blender]],
[[K-3D]]
|-
| Windows Media Player, PowerDVD ||
[[MPlayer]],
[[Xine]],
[[Totem]],
[[Kaffeine]],
[[VLC]]
|-
| Winamp, Sonique ||
[[amaroK]],
[[XMMS]],
[[Beep media player|BMP]],
[[juke]],
[[noatun]],
[[RhythmBox]],
[[xine]] will play aac and wma
|-
| Windows Movie Maker ||
[[Cinelerra]],
[[KDenlive]],
[[LiVES]]
|-
| Cubase, CoolEdit ||
[[Ardour]],
[[Rosegarden]],
[[Audacity]],
[[Beast]]
|-
| Audio Catalyst, dbpoweramp, CDex ||
[[Grip]],
[[audacity]]
|-
| Cakewalk ||
[[kmid]],
[[kmidi]]

|}

== Office ==

{|
! Windows apps !! Linux apps
|-
| Microsoft Office ||
[[OpenOffice]],
[[KOffice]],
[[Siag Office]]
|-
| Word ||
[[AbiWord]],
[[KWord]],
[[OOWriter]]
|-
| Access ||
[[PgAccess]]*,
[[Rekall]]*,
[[Knoda]]*

|-
| Excel ||
[[Gnumeric]],
[[KSpread]],
[[OOCalc]]
|-
| Visio ||
[[Kivio]],
[[Dia]]
|-
| PowerPoint ||
[[KPresenter]],
[[OOImpress]]
|-
| Microsoft Project Manager ||
[[MrProject]]

|-
| Outlook ||
[[Evolution]],
[[Kontact]],
[[BALSA]],
[[Thunderbird]]

|}
<nowiki>*</nowiki>PgAccess, Rexall, and Knoda are front-ends to an [[SQL server]].

== Desktop Publishing ==
{|
! Windows apps !! Linux apps
|-
| Netscape Composer, Dreamweaver ||
[[OOWeb]],
[[NVU]],
[[Quanta Plus]],
[[Mozilla]],
[[Screem]],
[[Bluefish]]
|-
| Quark, Quark Express, Microsoft Publisher ||
[[Scribus]],
OpenOffice.org [[oodraw]]
|-
| Adobe Acrobat PDF Reader ||
[[Adobe Acrobat Reader]],
[[Xpdf]],
[[Ghostview]],
[[Evince]]
|-
| Adobe Acrobat PDF Creator ||
With [[Ghostscript]], many Linux apps can print or export to PDF.,
[[OpenOffice.org]],
[[kprint]] -- can fax, convert to pdf, and combine pages
|}

== Utilities ==
{|
! Windows apps !! Linux apps
|-
| 7-Zip, Winzip, Winrar ||
[[Karchiver]],
[[File Roller]],
[[ark]],
[[hjsplit]]
|-
| Alcohol 120%, Discjuggler, Easy CD Creator, Nero Burning ROM ||
[[Arson]],
[[Eroaster]],
[[gcombust]],
[[K3b]],
[[XCDRoast]],
[[serpentine]]
|-
| Daemon Tools ||
[http://man.linuxquestions.org/?query=mount mount]
|-
| Edit (DOS) ||
[[vi]],
[[ne]],
[[pico]],
[[nano]],
[[Emacs]],
[[Minimum Profit]]
|-
| Norton Ghost ||
[[Partition Image]],
[[g4u]],
[[Mondo]]
|-
| Notepad, Wordpad ||
[[KWrite]],
[[Kate]], [[Leafpad]], [[Gedit]], [[Joe]]
|-
| Veritas Backup Exec ||
[[BackupPC]], [[Bacula]], [[Veritas Netbackup]]
|-
| Disclib ||
[[gWhere]]
|}

== Server ==
{|
! Windows apps !! Linux apps
|-
| IIS ||
[[Apache]], [[Zeus]], [[iPlanet]], [[thttpd]], [[iServer]]
|-
| Other server stuff ||
[[Samba]]
|-
| FTP ||
[[proftpd]], [[vsftpd]], [[pure-ftpd]]
|-
| Exchange ||
[[Citadel]]
|}

== Other ==
{|
! Windows apps !! Linux apps


|-
| SPSS ||
[[R-project]],
[[PSPP]]
|-
| ActiveSync ||
[[SynCE]]
|-
| Endnote ||
[[Pybliographer]]

|}

''Please add new applications to this list. A good resource is the [http://linuxshop.ru/linuxbegin/win-lin-soft-en/table.shtml Table of Equivalents], which is GNU FDL licensed.''

{{stub}}

Linux software equivalent to Windows software

2005-10-19T04:58:13Z

Trickykid: /* Networking */

In migrating to Linux from Windows, a common question is "Where can I get a program for Linux that is similar to XYZ program on Windows?" Fear not! Listed below are programs that could be considered roughly equivalent to certain popular Windows applications.

== Networking ==

{|
! Windows apps !! Linux apps
|-
| Microsoft Internet Explorer, Netscape, Opera, etc. ||
[[Epiphany]],
[[Firefox]],
[[Galeon]],
[[Konqueror]],
[[Lynx]],
[[Mozilla]],
[[Nautilus]],
[[Netscape]],
[[Opera]]
|-
| Outlook Express, Outlook, Pegasus, Lotus Notes ||
[[Kontact]],
[[Evolution]],
[[Thunderbird]],
[[Sylpheed-Claws]]
|-
| ICQ, MSN Messenger, AIM (AOL Instant Messenger), Trillian ||
[[aMSN]],
[[Gaim]],
[[Kopete]],
[[KICQ]],
[[Gabber]],
[[Centericq]]
|-
| Microsoft Netmeeting ||
[[Gnomemeeting]]
|-
| WS FTP, Bullet Proof FTP, CuteFTP ||
[[Kasablanca]],
[[GFTP]],
[[KBear]],
[[FireFTP]]
[[Konqueror]]
|-
| mIRC ||
[[KVIrc]],
[[XChat]],
[[BitchX]]
|}

== Multimedia ==

{|
! Windows apps !! Linux apps
|-
| Adobe Photoshop ||
[[GIMP]]
|-
| Irfanview ||
[[Gqview|GQView]],[[Xnview]] plays animated .gifs
|-
| 3D Studio MAX ||
[[Blender]],
[[K-3D]]
|-
| Windows Media Player, PowerDVD ||
[[MPlayer]],
[[Xine]],
[[Totem]],
[[Kaffeine]],
[[VLC]]
|-
| Winamp, Sonique ||
[[amaroK]],
[[XMMS]],
[[Beep media player|BMP]],
[[juke]],
[[noatun]],
[[RhythmBox]],
[[xine]] will play aac and wma
|-
| Windows Movie Maker ||
[[Cinelerra]],
[[KDenlive]],
[[LiVES]]
|-
| Cubase, CoolEdit ||
[[Ardour]],
[[Rosegarden]],
[[Audacity]],
[[Beast]]
|-
| Audio Catalyst, dbpoweramp, CDex ||
[[Grip]],
[[audacity]]
|-
| Cakewalk ||
[[kmid]],
[[kmidi]]

|}

== Office ==

{|
! Windows apps !! Linux apps
|-
| Microsoft Office ||
[[OpenOffice]],
[[KOffice]],
[[Siag Office]]
|-
| Word ||
[[AbiWord]],
[[KWord]],
[[OOWriter]]
|-
| Access ||
[[PgAccess]]*,
[[Rekall]]*,
[[Knoda]]*

|-
| Excel ||
[[Gnumeric]],
[[KSpread]],
[[OOCalc]]
|-
| Visio ||
[[Kivio]],
[[Dia]]
|-
| PowerPoint ||
[[KPresenter]],
[[OOImpress]]
|-
| Microsoft Project Manager ||
[[MrProject]]

|-
| Outlook ||
[[Evolution]],
[[Kontact]],
[[BALSA]],
[[Thunderbird]]

|}
<nowiki>*</nowiki>PgAccess, Rexall, and Knoda are front-ends to an [[SQL server]].

== Desktop Publishing ==
{|
! Windows apps !! Linux apps
|-
| Netscape Composer, Dreamweaver ||
[[OOWeb]],
[[NVU]],
[[Quanta Plus]],
[[Mozilla]],
[[Screem]],
[[Bluefish]]
|-
| Quark, Quark Express, Microsoft Publisher ||
[[Scribus]],
OpenOffice.org [[oodraw]]
|-
| Adobe Acrobat PDF Reader ||
[[Adobe Acrobat Reader]],
[[Xpdf]],
[[Ghostview]],
[[Evince]]
|-
| Adobe Acrobat PDF Creator ||
With [[Ghostscript]], many Linux apps can print or export to PDF.,
[[OpenOffice.org]],
[[kprint]] -- can fax, convert to pdf, and combine pages
|}

== Utilities ==
{|
! Windows apps !! Linux apps
|-
| 7-Zip, Winzip, Winrar ||
[[Karchiver]],
[[File Roller]],
[[ark]],
[[hjsplit]]
|-
| Alcohol 120%, Discjuggler, Easy CD Creator, Nero Burning ROM ||
[[Arson]],
[[Eroaster]],
[[gcombust]],
[[K3b]],
[[XCDRoast]],
[[serpentine]]
|-
| Daemon Tools ||
[http://man.linuxquestions.org/?query=mount mount]
|-
| Edit (DOS) ||
[[vi]],
[[ne]],
[[pico]],
[[nano]],
[[Emacs]],
[[Minimum Profit]]
|-
| Norton Ghost ||
[[Partition Image]],
[[g4u]],
[[Mondo]]
|-
| Notepad, Wordpad ||
[[KWrite]],
[[Kate]], [[Leafpad]], [[Gedit]], [[Joe]]
|-
| Veritas Backup Exec ||
[[BackupPC]], [[Bacula]], [[Veritas Netbackup]]
|-
| Disclib ||
[[gWhere]]
|}

== Server ==
{|
! Windows apps !! Linux apps
|-
| IIS ||
[[Apache]]
|-
| Other server stuff ||
[[Samba]]
|-
| FTP ||
[[proftpd]]
|-
| Exchange ||
[[Citadel]]
|}

== Other ==
{|
! Windows apps !! Linux apps


|-
| SPSS ||
[[R-project]],
[[PSPP]]
|-
| ActiveSync ||
[[SynCE]]
|-
| Endnote ||
[[Pybliographer]]

|}

''Please add new applications to this list. A good resource is the [http://linuxshop.ru/linuxbegin/win-lin-soft-en/table.shtml Table of Equivalents], which is GNU FDL licensed.''

{{stub}}

Linux software equivalent to Windows software

2005-10-19T04:54:41Z

Trickykid: /* Utilities */

In migrating to Linux from Windows, a common question is "Where can I get a program for Linux that is similar to XYZ program on Windows?" Fear not! Listed below are programs that could be considered roughly equivalent to certain popular Windows applications.

== Networking ==

{|
! Windows apps !! Linux apps
|-
| Microsoft Internet Explorer, Netscape, Opera, etc. ||
[[Epiphany]],
[[Firefox]],
[[Galeon]],
[[Konqueror]],
[[Lynx]],
[[Mozilla]],
[[Nautilus]],
[[Netscape]],
[[Opera]]
|-
| Outlook Express ||
[[Kontact]],
[[Evolution]],
[[Thunderbird]],
[[Sylpheed-Claws]]
|-
| ICQ, MSN Messenger, AIM (AOL Instant Messenger), Trillian ||
[[aMSN]],
[[Gaim]],
[[Kopete]],
[[KICQ]],
[[Gabber]],
[[Centericq]]
|-
| Microsoft Netmeeting ||
[[Gnomemeeting]]
|-
| WS FTP, Bullet Proof FTP, CuteFTP ||
[[Kasablanca]],
[[GFTP]],
[[KBear]],
[[FireFTP]]
[[Konqueror]]
|-
| mIRC ||
[[KVIrc]],
[[XChat]],
[[BitchX]]
|}

== Multimedia ==

{|
! Windows apps !! Linux apps
|-
| Adobe Photoshop ||
[[GIMP]]
|-
| Irfanview ||
[[Gqview|GQView]],[[Xnview]] plays animated .gifs
|-
| 3D Studio MAX ||
[[Blender]],
[[K-3D]]
|-
| Windows Media Player, PowerDVD ||
[[MPlayer]],
[[Xine]],
[[Totem]],
[[Kaffeine]],
[[VLC]]
|-
| Winamp, Sonique ||
[[amaroK]],
[[XMMS]],
[[Beep media player|BMP]],
[[juke]],
[[noatun]],
[[RhythmBox]],
[[xine]] will play aac and wma
|-
| Windows Movie Maker ||
[[Cinelerra]],
[[KDenlive]],
[[LiVES]]
|-
| Cubase, CoolEdit ||
[[Ardour]],
[[Rosegarden]],
[[Audacity]],
[[Beast]]
|-
| Audio Catalyst, dbpoweramp, CDex ||
[[Grip]],
[[audacity]]
|-
| Cakewalk ||
[[kmid]],
[[kmidi]]

|}

== Office ==

{|
! Windows apps !! Linux apps
|-
| Microsoft Office ||
[[OpenOffice]],
[[KOffice]],
[[Siag Office]]
|-
| Word ||
[[AbiWord]],
[[KWord]],
[[OOWriter]]
|-
| Access ||
[[PgAccess]]*,
[[Rekall]]*,
[[Knoda]]*

|-
| Excel ||
[[Gnumeric]],
[[KSpread]],
[[OOCalc]]
|-
| Visio ||
[[Kivio]],
[[Dia]]
|-
| PowerPoint ||
[[KPresenter]],
[[OOImpress]]
|-
| Microsoft Project Manager ||
[[MrProject]]

|-
| Outlook ||
[[Evolution]],
[[Kontact]],
[[BALSA]],
[[Thunderbird]]

|}
<nowiki>*</nowiki>PgAccess, Rexall, and Knoda are front-ends to an [[SQL server]].

== Desktop Publishing ==
{|
! Windows apps !! Linux apps
|-
| Netscape Composer, Dreamweaver ||
[[OOWeb]],
[[NVU]],
[[Quanta Plus]],
[[Mozilla]],
[[Screem]],
[[Bluefish]]
|-
| Quark, Quark Express, Microsoft Publisher ||
[[Scribus]],
OpenOffice.org [[oodraw]]
|-
| Adobe Acrobat PDF Reader ||
[[Adobe Acrobat Reader]],
[[Xpdf]],
[[Ghostview]],
[[Evince]]
|-
| Adobe Acrobat PDF Creator ||
With [[Ghostscript]], many Linux apps can print or export to PDF.,
[[OpenOffice.org]],
[[kprint]] -- can fax, convert to pdf, and combine pages
|}

== Utilities ==
{|
! Windows apps !! Linux apps
|-
| 7-Zip, Winzip, Winrar ||
[[Karchiver]],
[[File Roller]],
[[ark]],
[[hjsplit]]
|-
| Alcohol 120%, Discjuggler, Easy CD Creator, Nero Burning ROM ||
[[Arson]],
[[Eroaster]],
[[gcombust]],
[[K3b]],
[[XCDRoast]],
[[serpentine]]
|-
| Daemon Tools ||
[http://man.linuxquestions.org/?query=mount mount]
|-
| Edit (DOS) ||
[[vi]],
[[ne]],
[[pico]],
[[nano]],
[[Emacs]],
[[Minimum Profit]]
|-
| Norton Ghost ||
[[Partition Image]],
[[g4u]],
[[Mondo]]
|-
| Notepad, Wordpad ||
[[KWrite]],
[[Kate]], [[Leafpad]], [[Gedit]], [[Joe]]
|-
| Veritas Backup Exec ||
[[BackupPC]], [[Bacula]], [[Veritas Netbackup]]
|-
| Disclib ||
[[gWhere]]
|}

== Server ==
{|
! Windows apps !! Linux apps
|-
| IIS ||
[[Apache]]
|-
| Other server stuff ||
[[Samba]]
|-
| FTP ||
[[proftpd]]
|-
| Exchange ||
[[Citadel]]
|}

== Other ==
{|
! Windows apps !! Linux apps


|-
| SPSS ||
[[R-project]],
[[PSPP]]
|-
| ActiveSync ||
[[SynCE]]
|-
| Endnote ||
[[Pybliographer]]

|}

''Please add new applications to this list. A good resource is the [http://linuxshop.ru/linuxbegin/win-lin-soft-en/table.shtml Table of Equivalents], which is GNU FDL licensed.''

{{stub}}

User talk:Trickykid

2004-09-10T11:20:08Z

Trickykid:

Ah well, your talk page was red, so I assumed you were new. [[User:Dysprosia|Dysprosia]] 18:27, Sep 9, 2004 (EDT)

----
Nope, not new. I'm just not a Wiki type person. :)

Cheers,

-trickykid

User talk:Trickykid

2004-09-10T11:20:00Z

Trickykid:

Ah well, your talk page was red, so I assumed you were new. [[User:Dysprosia|Dysprosia]] 18:27, Sep 9, 2004 (EDT)

Nope, not new. I'm just not a Wiki type person. :)

Cheers,

-trickykid

Pid

2004-09-09T04:22:33Z

Trickykid: Gave exact definition since some want to be picky =)

A '''pid''', or ''process identifier'', is an integer or numeric number used by the [[Unix]] [[kernel]] and most other [[Operating Systems]] to identify a running [[process]]. [[PID]s] are returned by the [[fork]] system call and can be passed to wait() or kill() to perform actions on the given process.

See also [[kill]], [[killall]], [[ps]], [[pstree]], [[pgrep]], [[proc]]

PID

2004-09-09T04:11:44Z

Trickykid:

#REDIRECT[[pid]]

User:Trickykid

2004-09-09T04:04:59Z

Trickykid:

Just a System Administrator.. nothing more, nothing less!

But I did dress all the little Tux's you see in the upper left hand corner of every page you see here, also otherwise known as a logo! =)

Pstree

2004-09-09T03:55:37Z

Trickykid:

[[pstree]] displays all running processes in a tree like [[diagram]] on a terminal or console. The tree is rooted at either pid or init if [[pid]] is omitted. If a [[user]] name is specified, all [[process]] trees rooted at processes owned by that user are shown.

pstree is an easy way to find parent processes, but the majority of the time just using [[ps]] will do the job to find a specific process.

----

pstree visually merges identical branches by putting them in square brackets and prefixing them with the repetition count, e.g.

[[init]]-+-getty
|-getty
|-getty
`-getty

becomes

init---4*[getty]
----
OPTIONS
-a Show command line arguments. If the command line of
a process is swapped out, that process is shown in
parentheses. -a implicitly disables compaction.

-c Disable compaction of identical subtrees. By
default, subtrees are compacted whenever possible.

-G Use [[VT100]] line drawing characters.

-h Highlight the current process and its ancestors.
This is a no-op if the terminal doesn't support
highlighting or if neither the current process nor
any of its ancestors are in the [[subtree]] being
shown.

-H Like -h, but highlight the specified process
instead. Unlike with -h, pstree fails when using -H
if highlighting is not available.

-l Display long lines. By default, lines are truncated
to the display width or 132 if output is sent to a
non-tty or if the display width is unknown.

-n Sort processes with the same ancestor by PID
instead of by name. (Numeric sort.)

-p Show PIDs. PIDs are shown as [[decimal]] numbers in
parentheses after each process name. -p implicitly
disables compaction.

-u Show [[uid]] transitions. Whenever the [[uid]] of a process
differs from the uid of its parent, the new uid is
shown in parentheses after the process name.

-U Use UTF-8 (Unicode) line drawing characters. Under
Linux 1.1-54 and above, UTF-8 mode is entered on
the console with echo -e '\033%8' and left with
echo -e '\033%@'

-V Display version information.

-s (Flask) Show Security ID (SID) for each process.

-x (Flask) Show [[security]] context for each process.

This document was actually taken from the actual [[man]] page found on most systems which was written by Werner Almesberger and Craig Small on September 26, 2003.

I felt the [[man]] page is very straight forward and very easy to follow.

Pstree

2004-09-09T03:55:23Z

Trickykid:

[[pstree]] displays all running processes in a tree like [[diagram]] on a terminal or console. The tree is rooted at either pid or init if [[pid]] is omitted. If a [[user]] name is specified, all [[process]] trees rooted at processes owned by that user are shown.

pstree is an easy way to find parent [[process]es], but the majority of the time just using [[ps]] will do the job to find a specific process.

----

pstree visually merges identical branches by putting them in square brackets and prefixing them with the repetition count, e.g.

[[init]]-+-getty
|-getty
|-getty
`-getty

becomes

init---4*[getty]
----
OPTIONS
-a Show command line arguments. If the command line of
a process is swapped out, that process is shown in
parentheses. -a implicitly disables compaction.

-c Disable compaction of identical subtrees. By
default, subtrees are compacted whenever possible.

-G Use [[VT100]] line drawing characters.

-h Highlight the current process and its ancestors.
This is a no-op if the terminal doesn't support
highlighting or if neither the current process nor
any of its ancestors are in the [[subtree]] being
shown.

-H Like -h, but highlight the specified process
instead. Unlike with -h, pstree fails when using -H
if highlighting is not available.

-l Display long lines. By default, lines are truncated
to the display width or 132 if output is sent to a
non-tty or if the display width is unknown.

-n Sort processes with the same ancestor by PID
instead of by name. (Numeric sort.)

-p Show PIDs. PIDs are shown as [[decimal]] numbers in
parentheses after each process name. -p implicitly
disables compaction.

-u Show [[uid]] transitions. Whenever the [[uid]] of a process
differs from the uid of its parent, the new uid is
shown in parentheses after the process name.

-U Use UTF-8 (Unicode) line drawing characters. Under
Linux 1.1-54 and above, UTF-8 mode is entered on
the console with echo -e '\033%8' and left with
echo -e '\033%@'

-V Display version information.

-s (Flask) Show Security ID (SID) for each process.

-x (Flask) Show [[security]] context for each process.

This document was actually taken from the actual [[man]] page found on most systems which was written by Werner Almesberger and Craig Small on September 26, 2003.

I felt the [[man]] page is very straight forward and very easy to follow.

User talk:Dysprosia

2004-09-09T03:45:09Z

Trickykid:

Dysprosia

Welcome to LinuxQuestions Wiki eh?? Umm.. Well I've been a Moderator at this site for almost 3 years now. I usually don't mess with the Wiki but I was only adding simple quick stuff to push us over the 2k mark so we can do an actual press release.

Thanks and thanks for the warm welcome though, I think its my first in the 3 years I've been on this site as a Moderator from anyone. The only real welcomes I get is when I'm traveling to the Linux World Expos to help promote the site with Jeremy and Finegan, drinking beers, etc. =)

Regards

-trickykid
----
''Old talk in [[User_talk:Dysprosia/Archive]]''

User talk:Trickykid

2004-09-09T03:45:02Z

Trickykid:

User talk:Trickykid

2004-09-09T03:43:31Z

Trickykid:

[[User_talk:Dysprosia|Dysprosia]]

Welcome to LinuxQuestions Wiki eh?? Umm.. Well I've been a Moderator at this site for almost 3 years now. I usually don't mess with the Wiki but I was only adding simple quick stuff to push us over the 2k mark so we can do an actual press release.

Thanks and thanks for the warm welcome though, I think its my first in the 3 years I've been on this site as a Moderator from anyone. The only real welcomes I get is when I'm traveling to the Linux World Expos to help promote the site with Jeremy and Finegan, drinking beers, etc. =)

Regards

-trickykid

User:Trickykid

2004-09-09T03:16:32Z

Trickykid:

Just a System Administrator.. nothing more, nothing less!

Device

2004-09-09T03:02:29Z

Trickykid:

Devices - Anything that is connected or part of a system. Devices can consist of individual parts within a [[system]] or whole parts that connect to any type of system, [[network]], [[group]], etc.

Pid

2004-09-09T02:55:23Z

Trickykid:

[[pid]] - Stands for [[Process]] Identification

All processes are assigned a pid from or on an [[Operating System]]. Think of it as the [[internet]], as in [[domain]] names and [[IP]] numbers. It's much easier for us to remember names instead of numbers, so we give processes names, the system gives it numbers.

Pstree

2004-09-09T02:52:14Z

Trickykid:

[[pstree]] displays all running processes in a tree like [[diagram]] on a terminal or console. The tree is rooted at either pid or init if [[pid]] is omitted. If a [[user]] name is specified, all [[process]] trees rooted at processes owned by that user are shown.

pstree is an easy way to find parent [[processes]], but the majority of the time just using [[ps]] will do the job to find a specific process.

----

pstree visually merges identical branches by putting them in square brackets and prefixing them with the repetition count, e.g.

[[init]]-+-getty
|-getty
|-getty
`-getty

becomes

init---4*[getty]
----
OPTIONS
-a Show command line arguments. If the command line of
a process is swapped out, that process is shown in
parentheses. -a implicitly disables compaction.

-c Disable compaction of identical subtrees. By
default, subtrees are compacted whenever possible.

-G Use [[VT100]] line drawing characters.

-h Highlight the current process and its ancestors.
This is a no-op if the terminal doesn't support
highlighting or if neither the current process nor
any of its ancestors are in the [[subtree]] being
shown.

-H Like -h, but highlight the specified process
instead. Unlike with -h, pstree fails when using -H
if highlighting is not available.

-l Display long lines. By default, lines are truncated
to the display width or 132 if output is sent to a
non-tty or if the display width is unknown.

-n Sort processes with the same ancestor by PID
instead of by name. (Numeric sort.)

-p Show PIDs. PIDs are shown as [[decimal]] numbers in
parentheses after each process name. -p implicitly
disables compaction.

-u Show [[uid]] transitions. Whenever the [[uid]] of a process
differs from the uid of its parent, the new uid is
shown in parentheses after the process name.

-U Use UTF-8 (Unicode) line drawing characters. Under
Linux 1.1-54 and above, UTF-8 mode is entered on
the console with echo -e '\033%8' and left with
echo -e '\033%@'

-V Display version information.

-s (Flask) Show Security ID (SID) for each process.

-x (Flask) Show [[security]] context for each process.

This document was actually taken from the actual [[man]] page found on most systems which was written by Werner Almesberger and Craig Small on September 26, 2003.

I felt the [[man]] page is very straight forward and very easy to follow.

Pstree

2004-09-09T02:47:36Z

Trickykid:

[[pstree]] displays all running processes in a tree like diagram on a terminal or console. The tree is rooted at either pid or init if pid is omitted. If a user name is specified, all process trees rooted at processes owned by that user are shown.

pstree is an easy way to find parent processes, but the majority of the time just using [[ps]] will do the job to find a specific process.

----

pstree visually merges identical branches by putting them
in square brackets and prefixing them with the repetition
count, e.g.

init-+-getty
|-getty
|-getty
`-getty

becomes

init---4*[getty]
----
OPTIONS
-a Show command line arguments. If the command line of
a process is swapped out, that process is shown in
parentheses. -a implicitly disables compaction.

-c Disable compaction of identical subtrees. By
default, subtrees are compacted whenever possible.

-G Use VT100 line drawing characters.

-h Highlight the current process and its ancestors.
This is a no-op if the terminal doesn't support
highlighting or if neither the current process nor
any of its ancestors are in the subtree being
shown.

-H Like -h, but highlight the specified process
instead. Unlike with -h, pstree fails when using -H
if highlighting is not available.

-l Display long lines. By default, lines are truncated
to the display width or 132 if output is sent to a
non-tty or if the display width is unknown.

-n Sort processes with the same ancestor by PID
instead of by name. (Numeric sort.)

-p Show PIDs. PIDs are shown as decimal numbers in
parentheses after each process name. -p implicitly
disables compaction.

-u Show uid transitions. Whenever the uid of a process
differs from the uid of its parent, the new uid is
shown in parentheses after the process name.

-U Use UTF-8 (Unicode) line drawing characters. Under
Linux 1.1-54 and above, UTF-8 mode is entered on
the console with echo -e '\033%8' and left with
echo -e '\033%@'

-V Display version information.

-s (Flask) Show Security ID (SID) for each process.

-x (Flask) Show security context for each process.

This document was actually taken from the actual man page found on most systems which was written by Werner Almesberger and Craig Small on September 26, 2003.

I felt the man page is very straight forward and very easy to follow.

Compile a kernel

2004-02-24T16:16:11Z

Trickykid:

First and foremost, [http://www.linux-sxs.org/upgrading/migration26.html THIS] may pertain to you so read that first and then you can proceed ;)
and [http://thomer.com/linux/migrate-to-2.6.html here] is a similiar site

----------------------------
Obtaining and instaling the Kernel Source
----------------------------

1. Getting the kernel source
To compile a kernel, you will need the kernel source. You can get it from [http://www.kernel.org kernel.org]. Your distribution may also already come with the kernel source, somewhere on the cd. 

2. Installing the kernel source
You can install the kernel source by either installing the package that came with your distribution, or extracting the [[tarball]] you got from kernel.org .

3. Change Directory To /usr/src
cd /usr/src

4. Check for symlink (ex. /usr/src/linux->/usr/src/linux-2.4.18)
ls -alc

5. Double check with this command (output ex.) linux: symbolic link to linux-2.4.18-14
file linux

6. Remove the symlink
rm linux

7. Unpack the tarball (new kernel)
tar -zxvf linux-x.x.x.tar.gz

8. Make a new link to the new kernel
ln -s /usr/src/linux-x.x.x /usr/src/linux

9. Type this to change to the directory
cd linux

----------------------------
Now Comes The Fun Part~!
----------------------------
make mrproper
"This removes the current .config and other files"

cp /usr/src/linux-2.4.x/.config /usr/src/linux
"This is if you want to use your old config"

<-->Your Choice<-->

make config
"Basic config from terminal"
make menuconfig
"For ncurses GUI in the terminal"
make xconfig
"For X-based GUI with modular explanations (QT Based)"
make gconfig
"Same as above, but for 2.6.x kernel only (GTK Based, and might be still buggy)"

Note:
Don't forget to add module support and kernel support for future hardware.
Do not compile your harddrive and filesystem type as a module.
The configure program enables you to specify an enormous number of features. It is advisable to skim through all the sections to get a feel for the different things you can do. Most options are about specifying whether you want a feature [*] compiled into the kernel image, [M] compiled as a module, or [ ] not compiled at all. You can also turn off module support altogether from Loadable module support -->. The kernel configuration is one LINUX program that offers lots of help--select < Help > on any feature. The raw help file is /usr/src/linux/Documentation/Configure.help can be also worth reading.
When your done the config click exit and save current configuration. Your file is now known as .config .

------->SKIP THE FOLLOWING IF DOING A 2.6.x KERNEL<------

make dep
"Ensures dependancies such as include files are in place"

(vi, pico, emacs) Makefile
"Want A Unique Kernel Name? Edit /usr/src/linux/Makefile and change EXTRAVERSION"

make clean
"To clean your sources for they compile correctly"

------>START HERE IF COMPILING A 2.6.x KERNEL<------

make bzImage
"To make the kernel image (compile and creates compressed image of kernel)"

make modules
"Compile your selected modules"

make modules_install
"To install newly compile modules (installs to /lib/modules/linux.x.x.x)"

--------------------------------------------
Now Its Time To Install Your New Kernel~!
--------------------------------------------

Remove the following links:
rm -rf /boot/System.map
rm -rf /boot/vmlinuz

Then copy the newly created kernel and system.map to /boot
cp /usr/src/linux/arch/i386/boot/bzImage /boot/vmlinuz-x.x.x
cp /usr/src/linux/System.map /boot/System.map-x.x.x

Make the new links:
ln -s /boot/vmlinuz-x.x.x /boot/vmlinuz
ln -s /boot/System.map-x.x.x /boot/System.map

Next remove existing initrd.img file:
rm -rf /boot/initrd.x.x.x.img

And create the new one:
/sbin/mkinitrd /boot/initrd-x.x.x.img x.x.x
(Note: )
The last set of x.x.x is the eqivalent to your new kernel version and it looks to /lib/modules for that version.

--------------------------------------------------------------------
Use The Steps That Pertain To You
If You Use Grub Then Edit grub.conf
If You Use Lilo Then Edit lilo.conf
--------------------------------------------------------------------
[b]remember to leave the entry to your old kernel image just in case,
so modify what is in the config originally to point to the old image
and make a new entry for you new image you just made ....[/b]
--------------------------------------------------------------------

<-> And Finally Edit Your /etc/grub.conf file <->
<-> Note some distros now use menu.lst, so if you can't find grub or lilo, then you know what to look for <->

title New Kernel :D
kernel /vmlinuz-x.x.x ro root=LABEL=/
initrd /initrd-x.x.x.img
(Note: )
Look at the previous parameters in the grub.conf file and note what "root=" and use what is existing.

Exit and Save grub.conf
type "/sbin/grub-install"

AND REBOOT!!!

<-> And Finally Edit Your /etc/lilo.conf file <->
image = /boot/vmlinuz-x.x.x
label = New Kernel :D
root = /dev/hdx
read-only

(Note: )
look at the previous parameters in the lilo.conf file and note what "root =" and use what is existing.

Exit and Save lilo.conf
type "/sbin/lilo"

AND REBOOT!!!

/EDIT
as requested there was wanting the instructions on how to apply patches to your kernel.
END EDIT/

[http://www.linuxhq.com/patch-howto.html read this] or look below ..

This step comes after untaring your kernel source.
When you download the patch place it in the folder that you untarred you new kernel.
Then typed:
patch -E -p1 < sound_patch
Purely an example and you would type whatever the file name is in replace of sound_patch.

As of having alternative boot options, well this is no problem.. The stuff above that i tell you to add to your lilo or grub file above could just append the file, and just add ".old" to the title of your oringinal kernel name for you will know the difference. and whether its grub or lilo add "read-only", to the end of the oringinal entries in the lilo.conf, or grub.conf file.

~DrOzz

User:Trickykid

2004-02-24T02:39:15Z

Trickykid:

Do you really want to know who I am? Ask mcleodnine, he'll tell ya!

Applications

2004-02-24T02:31:37Z

Trickykid: Added Window Managers and a few other items

Use this space to collect notes and information on common Linux software!

Do:

* -Provide basic info about the app.
* -Link to the website/[[Freshmeat]] page.
* -Add notes on usage/common problems/tips.

Don't:

* -Simply duplicate the reference manual.
* -Clutter the pages with comments like "This rocks!" or "This sucks!".
* -Try and list every app in the world. Let's just stick to the common and most popular ones for now.

----

* [[KDE]], [[Gnome]], [[XFce]] - Desktop environments
* [[Fluxbox]], [[Blackbox]], [[WindowMaker]], [[Sawfish]], [[Enlightenment]], [[Metacity]] - Window Managers
* [[OpenOffice]], [[StarOffice]], [[KOffice]] - Office Suites
* [[AbiWord]] - Word Processors
* [[Wine]], [[CrossOver]], [[WineX]] - Windows emulation
* [[Gaim]], [[Kopete]] - Instant Messaging
* [[X-Chat]], [[BitchX]] - IRC client
* [[Mozilla]], [[Firefox]], [[Opera]], [[Konqueror]] - Web browsers
* [[Xine]], [[Totem]], [[Mplayer]] - Video players
* [[XMMS]], [[RhythmBox]] - Music players
* [[Evolution]], [[Thunderbird]], [[Kmail]] - Mail Clients
* [[Emacs]], [[Vi]] - Editors
* [[Audacity]] - Audio Editors

Compile a kernel

2004-02-24T01:49:51Z

Trickykid: Cleaned up unecessary bullets and made numbered list.

First and foremost, [http://www.linux-sxs.org/upgrading/migration26.html THIS] may pertain to you so read that first and then you can proceed ;)
and [http://thomer.com/linux/migrate-to-2.6.html here] is a similiar site

----------------------------
Obtaining and instaling the Kernel Source
----------------------------

1. Getting the kernel source
To compile a kernel, you will need the kernel source. You can get it from [http://www.kernel.org kernel.org]. Your distribution may also already come with the kernel source, somewhere on the cd. 

2. Installing the kernel source
You can install the kernel source by either installing the package that came with your distribution, or extracting the [[tarball]] you got from kernel.org .

3. Change Directory To /usr/src
cd /usr/src

4. Check for symlink (ex. /usr/src/linux->/usr/src/linux-2.4.18)
ls -alc

5. Double check with this command (output ex.) linux: symbolic link to linux-2.4.18-14
file linux

6. Remove the symlink
rm linux

7. Unpack the tarball (new kernel)
tar -zxvf linux-x.x.x.tar.gz

8. Make a new link to the new kernel
ln -s /usr/src/linux-x.x.x /usr/src/linux

9. Type this to change to the directory
cd linux

----------------------------
Now Comes The Fun Part~!
----------------------------
make mrproper
"This removes the current .config and other files"

cp /usr/src/linux-2.4.x/.config /usr/src/linux
"This is if you want to use your old config"

<-->Your Choice<-->

make config
"Basic config from terminal"
make menuconfig
"For ncurses GUI in the terminal"
make xconfig
"For X-based GUI with modular explanations (QT Based)"
make gconfig
"Same as above, but for 2.6.x kernel only (GTK Based, and might be still buggy)"

Note:
Don't forget to add module support and kernel support for future hardware.
Do not compile your harddrive and filesystem type as a module.
The configure program enables you to specify an enormous number of features. It is advisable to skim through all the sections to get a feel for the different things you can do. Most options are about specifying whether you want a feature [*] compiled into the kernel image, [M] compiled as a module, or [ ] not compiled at all. You can also turn off module support altogether from Loadable module support -->. The kernel configuration is one LINUX program that offers lots of help--select < Help > on any feature. The raw help file is /usr/src/linux/Documentation/Configure.help can be also worth reading.
When your done the config click exit and save current configuration. Your file is now known as .config .

------->SKIP THE FOLLOWING IF DOING A 2.6.x KERNEL<------

make dep
"Ensures dependancies such as include files are in place"

(vi, pico, emacs) Makefile
"Want A Unique Kernel Name? Edit /usr/src/linux/Makefile and change EXTRAVERSION"

make clean
"To clean your sources for they compile correctly"

------>START HERE IF COMPILING A 2.6.x KERNEL<------

make bzImage
"To make the kernel image (compile and creates compressed image of kernel)"

make modules
"Compile your selected modules"

make modules_install
"To install newly compile modules (installs to /lib/modules/linux.x.x.x)"

--------------------------------------------
Now Its Time To Install Your New Kernel~!
--------------------------------------------

Remove the following links:
rm -rf /boot/System.map
rm -rf /boot/vmlinuz

Then copy the newly created kernel and system.map to /boot
cp /usr/src/linux/arch/i386/boot/bzImage /boot/vmlinuz-x.x.x
cp /usr/src/linux/System.map /boot/System.map-x.x.x

Make the new links:
ln -s /boot/vmlinuz-x.x.x /boot/vmlinuz
ln -s /boot/System.map-x.x.x /boot/System.map

Next remove existing initrd.img file:
rm -rf /boot/initrd.x.x.x.img

And create the new one:
/sbin/mkinitrd /boot/initrd-x.x.x.img x.x.x
(Note: )
The last set of x.x.x is the eqivalent to your new kernel version and it looks to /lib/modules for that version.

--------------------------------------------------------------------
Use The Steps That Pertain To You
If You Use Grub Then Edit grub.conf
If You Use Lilo Then Edit lilo.conf
--------------------------------------------------------------------
[b]remember to leave the entry to your old kernel image just in case,
so modify what is in the config originally to point to the old image
and make a new entry for you new image you just made ....[/b]
--------------------------------------------------------------------

<-> And Finally Edit Your /etc/grub.conf file <->
<-> Note some distros now use menu.lst, so if you can't find grub or lilo, then you know what to look for <->

title New Kernel :D
kernel /vmlinuz-x.x.x ro root=LABEL=/
initrd /initrd-x.x.x.img
(Note: )
Look at the previous parameters in the grub.conf file and note what "root=" and use what is existing.

Exit and Save grub.conf
type "/sbin/grub-install"

AND REBOOT!!!

<-> And Finally Edit Your /etc/lilo.conf file <->
image = /boot/vmlinuz-x.x.x
label = New Kernel :D
root = /dev/hdx
read-only

(Note: )
look at the previous parameters in the lilo.conf file and note what "root =" and use what is existing.

Exit and Save lilo.conf
type "/sbin/lilo"

AND REBOOT!!!

/EDIT
as requested there was wanting the instructions on how to apply patches to your kernel.
END EDIT/

[http://www.linuxhq.com/patch-howto.html]read this] or look below ..

This step comes after untaring your kernel source.
When you download the patch place it in the folder that you untarred you new kernel.
Then typed:
patch -E -p1 < sound_patch
Purely an example and you would type whatever the file name is in replace of sound_patch.

As of having alternative boot options, well this is no problem.. The stuff above that i tell you to add to your lilo or grub file above could just append the file, and just add ".old" to the title of your oringinal kernel name for you will know the difference. and whether its grub or lilo add "read-only", to the end of the oringinal entries in the lilo.conf, or grub.conf file.

~DrOzz

Compile a kernel

2004-02-24T01:33:53Z

Trickykid:

First and foremost, [http://www.linux-sxs.org/upgrading/migration26.html THIS] may pertain to you so read that first and then you can proceed ;)
and [http://thomer.com/linux/migrate-to-2.6.html here] is a similiar site

----------------------------
Obtaining and instaling the Kernel Source
----------------------------

1. Getting the kernel source
To compile a kernel, you will need the kernel source. You can get it from [http://www.kernel.org kernel.org]. Your distribution may also already come with the kernel source, somewhere on the cd. 

2. Installing the kernel source
You can install the kernel source by either installing the package that came with your distribution, or extracting the [[tarball]] you got from kernel.org .

3. Change Directory To /usr/src
cd /usr/src

4. Check for symlink (ex. /usr/src/linux->/usr/src/linux-2.4.18)
ls -alc

5. Double check with this command (output ex.) linux: symbolic link to linux-2.4.18-14
file linux

6. Remove the symlink
rm linux

7. Unpack the tarball (new kernel)
tar -zxvf linux-x.x.x.tar.gz

8. Make a new link to the new kernel
ln -s /usr/src/linux-x.x.x /usr/src/linux

9. Type this to change to the directory
cd linux

----------------------------
Now Comes The Fun Part~!
----------------------------
make mrproper
"This removes the current .config and other files"

cp /usr/src/linux-2.4.x/.config /usr/src/linux
"This is if you want to use your old config"

<-->Your Choice<-->

make config
"Basic config from terminal"
make menuconfig
"For ncurses GUI in the terminal"
make xconfig
"For X-based GUI with modular explanations (QT Based)"
make gconfig
"Same as above, but for 2.6.x kernel only (GTK Based, and might be still buggy)"

Note:
Don't forget to add module support and kernel support for future hardware.
Do not compile your harddrive and filesystem type as a module.
The configure program enables you to specify an enormous number of features. It is advisable to skim through all the sections to get a feel for the different things you can do. Most options are about specifying whether you want a feature [*] compiled into the kernel image, [M] compiled as a module, or [ ] not compiled at all. You can also turn off module support altogether from Loadable module support -->. The kernel configuration is one LINUX program that offers lots of help--select < Help > on any feature. The raw help file is /usr/src/linux/Documentation/Configure.help can be also worth reading.
When your done the config click exit and save current configuration. Your file is now known as .config .

------->SKIP THE FOLLOWING IF DOING A 2.6.x KERNEL<------

make dep
"Ensures dependancies such as include files are in place"

(vi, pico, emacs) Makefile
"Want A Unique Kernel Name? Edit /usr/src/linux/Makefile and change EXTRAVERSION"

make clean
"To clean your sources for they compile correctly"

------>START HERE IF COMPILING A 2.6.x KERNEL<------

make bzImage
"To make the kernel image (compile and creates compressed image of kernel)"

make modules
"Compile your selected modules"

make modules_install
"To install newly compile modules (installs to /lib/modules/linux.x.x.x)"

--------------------------------------------
Now Its Time To Install Your New Kernel~!
--------------------------------------------

Remove the following links:
rm -rf /boot/System.map
rm -rf /boot/vmlinuz

Then copy the newly created kernel and system.map to /boot
cp /usr/src/linux/arch/i386/boot/bzImage /boot/vmlinuz-x.x.x
cp /usr/src/linux/System.map /boot/System.map-x.x.x

Make the new links:
ln -s /boot/vmlinuz-x.x.x /boot/vmlinuz
ln -s /boot/System.map-x.x.x /boot/System.map

Next remove existing initrd.img file:
rm -rf /boot/initrd.x.x.x.img

And create the new one:
/sbin/mkinitrd /boot/initrd-x.x.x.img x.x.x
(Note: )
The last set of x.x.x is the eqivalent to your new kernel version and it looks to /lib/modules for that version.

--------------------------------------------------------------------
Use The Steps That Pertain To You
If You Use Grub Then Edit grub.conf
If You Use Lilo Then Edit lilo.conf
--------------------------------------------------------------------
[b]remember to leave the entry to your old kernel image just in case,
so modify what is in the config originally to point to the old image
and make a new entry for you new image you just made ....[/b]
--------------------------------------------------------------------

<-> And Finally Edit Your /etc/grub.conf file <->
<-> Note some distros now use menu.lst, so if you can't find grub or lilo, then you know what to look for <->

title New Kernel :D
kernel /vmlinuz-x.x.x ro root=LABEL=/
initrd /initrd-x.x.x.img
(Note: )
look at the previous parameters in the grub.conf file and note what "root=" and use what is existing.

Exit and Save grub.conf
type "/sbin/grub-install"

AND REBOOT!!!

<-> And Finally Edit Your /etc/lilo.conf file <->
image = /boot/vmlinuz-x.x.x
label = New Kernel :D
root = /dev/hdx
read-only

(Note: )
look at the previous parameters in the lilo.conf file and note what "root =" and use what is existing.

Exit and Save lilo.conf
type "/sbin/lilo"

AND REBOOT!!!

/EDIT
as requested there was wanting the instructions on how to apply patches to your kernel.
END EDIT/

[http://www.linuxhq.com/patch-howto.html]read this] or look below ..

This step comes after untaring your kernel source.
When you download the patch place it in the folder that you untarred you new kernel.
Then typed:
patch -E -p1 < sound_patch
Purely an example and you would type whatever the file name is in replace of sound_patch.

As of having alternative boot options, well this is no problem.. The stuff above that i tell you to add to your lilo or grub file above could just append the file, and just add ".old" to the title of your oringinal kernel name for you will know the difference. and whether its grub or lilo add "read-only", to the end of the oringinal entries in the lilo.conf, or grub.conf file.

~DrOzz

Networking

2004-02-13T04:47:13Z

Trickykid:

Setting up your first network can be tricky there are some tips about [[Addressing]] that can help.

Many new linux user are unsure how to communicate with MS Windows machines looking at the [[Samba]] tips should help.

Apache can be fairly easy to setup and administer. A great place to start is at http://httpd.apache.org