Key binding
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A key binding is a mapping from keystrokes and combinations to events to be delivered to the active application.
There is generally a default keybinding, which can be modified on a per-user basis, or even by executing scripts to make the changes.
Example
For example, on a US standard keyboard (and probably many others) one can swap the effects of the Caps-Lock and the left Control keys using a file like this:
remove Lock = Caps_Lock remove Control = Control_L Control_R keycode 0x42 = Control_L NoSymbol Control_L keycode 0x25 = Caps_Lock NoSymbol Caps_Lock add Lock = Caps_Lock add Control = Control_L Control_R
and the command
xmodmap /full-path-to-file
See the documentation of xmodmap for details -- there are a lot of them.