LDAP
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LDAP (The Lightweight Directory Access Protocol) is a specification for a data model and a client-server protocol developed for accessing data in a tree or directory like structure (originally developed to access X.500 directories). Often called a directory service. The protocol normally uses TCP/IP connections.
LDAP can be used to store any kind of data, so can be used for many things. But is most commonly used to store personal information like name, title, phone number, email, etc. Many email clients support using LDAP next to a local address book. But it is also sometimes used as an user authentication method, storing user preferences etc.